transfer of energy and matter Flashcards
energy transfer
energy and matter can be exchanged in open systems like an ecosystem
closed systems only allow exchange of energy
sunlight as energy
sunlight is the initial source of energy that sustains most ecosystem. it is needed for photosynthesis.all autotrophs need it
how do animals in caves adapt
in caves animals adapt. steams entercabe bringing dead organic matter which supplies a source of energy. energy is produced by chemoautotroph bacteria from chemical reactions with sulfates methane or inorganic materials as substrate
sunlight in marine ecosystems
light passes through water to reach producers. only short wavelengths can penetrate further, which is why the sea apears blue
where does energy from deep sea come from
originates from bacteria which can use sulfides ( sulfer bearing minerals) from the emission of black smokers as a source of energy to synthesize glucose)
flow of chemical energy through food chains
energy enters as light, flows as nutrients through the chains, and usually leaves as heat
plant cycle
- water and air penetrate soil
- rocks broken down
- minerals nutrients released into soil
- dead leaves plants and animals are broken down
- minerals and nutrients are released intro soil
blant grow
flow of energy is from primary producers to quaternary consumers
food web
complexity of feeding relationships by showing interconnecting food chains and the many consumers there are
what do decomposers do ( nutrients)
chemical energy stuck in nutrients has to be recycled. this is acomplished by decomposers such as fungi, bacteria, insects and earthworms
how to decomposers have energy
they are supplied with energy from carbon compounds in dead organic matter suck as feaces, shed exoskeletons of an insect, dead plant, fallen leaves
decomposers absorb the producs of digestion then…
the decomposers digests these sugars and amino acids and secrete digestive enzymes into dead organic matter and digest it externally
process of digestion diagram
products of digestion absorbed by active transport or facilitated diffusion into the plasms membrane of the hypha from the cell wall. fungal hypha digests its path into dead organic matter. digestive enzymes secreted into dead organic matter.
how do saprotrophs recycle dead organic material
they break down commplex insoluble carbon compounds to small soluble ones.
autotrophs
organisms that use external energy resource to synthesize carbon compounds from inorganic substances
2 tyoes of autotrophs
photoautotrophs- make organic compounds using energy derived from the sun
chemoautotrophs- make organic compounds using energy from the oxidation of chemicals
heterotrophs
synthesize organic compounds by taking in and digesting carbon compounds
2 types of heterotrophs
consumers- ingest organic matter which is living or recently killed
saprotrophs- feeds on non-living matter by secreting enzymes and absorbing products
what are the carbon containing compounds all organisms need
amino acids- build up proteins ( collagen and enzymes)
carbohydrates (monosaccharides)- build up polysaccharides for energy production (cell respiration)
vitamins, minirals, fatty acids- cell membrane
how do photoautotrophs work detail
photoautotrophs use sunlight as an energy source. a small amount of solar radiation which reaches the earth is absorbed by the chloroplasts. plants, eukaryotic algae and cynabacteria can use the radiation from the sun to produce chemical energy ( glucose, amino acids) by photosyntheis
chemoautotrophs
sulfer hydrogen and iron sulfides, hydrogen or ammonia as sources of energy can be oxidised by chemoautotrophs to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbon compounds ( glucose, amino acids)
how do prokaryotic bacteria get energy
oxidation reactions
heterotrophs details
take in digest compounds ( carbons, proteins, lipids) from other organism to assimilate and use them to produce energy or build large complex carbon compounds
process of digestion in heterotrophs
ingestion: taking food into body
digestion: breaking down food
absorption: moving food into cells
assimilation: making food part of cells
elimination: removing unused food
assimilation in detail
the process where the digested nutrients are made part of the cell by building up complex macromolecules ( anabolism). the digested nutrients must be small enough to pass through the membrane of the digestive tract
consumers (features)
organism- animals
digestion- internally
source of food- live or recently dead
mechanism of intake- ingested then broken
products of digestion- amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids
saprotrophs features
- organism- mushrooms
- digestion- externally
- source of food-decaying matter
- mechanism of intake- digested by externally released enzymes +absorbed
- products of digestion- amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids
how is energy released in auotrophs and heterotrophs
by oxidation of carbon compounds in cell respiration
describe the oxidation of carbon compounds in cell respiration
chemical energy of carbs fats and others enter body, ATP and heat is released into body, and carbon dioxide and water is released as waste products
why do living things need energy
synthesis of large molecules like dna
synthesis of proteins
active transport of molecules across membranes
vesticular transport of molecules with cells
trophic levels
offer a way of classifying organisms by their feeding relationship
how is energy flow represented
using the pyramid of energy, J or KJ per unit area or unt time. producers at lowest bar, labled, decomposers out of pyramid
why is only 10% of energy transfered each time
loss of heat from cellular respirtion
material that is not consumed
material which is not digested/excreted
why is heast lost tothe enviorment
heat is lost due to conversion of chemical energy to heat in cell respiration.
why cant trophic levels be too high
energy transfer is limited. the energy at the start wont sustain trophic lebels. energy lossed reduce biomass of higher trophic levels
biomass=
total mass of a group of organisms in a trophic level
types of primary productivity
gross primary productivity: total biomass of carbon compounds made in plants by photosynthesis
net primary productivity- GPP minus the biomass lost due to respiration of the plant and which is availale to consumers
carbon sinks and sources in land
- co2 from atmosphere moves into autotrophs for photosynthesis
- carbon moves to soil than into follil fuels
co2 from plant respiration is released in air - microbial respiration and decomposition
- human emmision
secondary productivity
the accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by animals and other heterotrophs through ingestion of sugars and amino acids from food followed by being built up into macromolecules (assimilation)
carbon sources and sinks in water
- co2 from atmosphere or water moves into autotriohs for photosynthesis
- respiration and decomposition, co2 leaves from aquatic plant respiration
carbon sink ecosytem
if photosynthesis exceeds repiration, there is net uptake
carbon source ecosystem
if respiration exceeds photosynthesis
net release of carbon
what causes these relationships to tip
- forest fires
- seasonal fluctuation in photosynthesis
- industrial combustion
- abiotic factors
what are carbon fluxes
when carbon is moves between 4 biological pools by geochemical or industrial processes
- biosphere
- hydrosphere
- atmosphere
- sediments
carbon cycle detailed
- autotrophs photosynthesize take co2 in
- heterotrophs feed on autotrophs
- death and excretion occurs and decomposers decomboss biomass- go to soil
- the biomass of animals and plants are fossilized and sedimentaton into coal them go through combustion
- biomass in autotrophs also go through partial decomposition to form peat
- co2 in atmosphere dissolves into oceans
- these plants and animals in ocean are fossilized into limestone
autotrophs in ocean go through death, fossilization and sedimentation forming oil and natural gas - all plants and animals respire
pool
resevoir of carbon, organic or inorganic
what are big carbin sinks
biomass, peat, coal, oil, natural gass
when they burn by cimbustion they welease co2 and water
how is peat produced
peat is prodiced when animals and plant are barried for long time, with pressue they become oil, gas are formed by Caco3
peat is incompletley decomposed organic matter
keeling curve
diagnosis tool for climate analysis
aerobic respiration by autotrophs
dependant on atmospheric oxygen produced by photosynthesis. photosynthesis is dependant on atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by respiration
what is carbon hydrogen and oxygen needed to make
lipids, carbohydrates and other cabon compounds
what is nitrogen and phospherus needed to make
compounds like dna, atp, amino acids and proteins
nitrogen cycle compounds
N2 (nitrogen gas), NH3 ( ammonia), NO2 ( toxic nitrate), NO3 ( nitrate)
nitrogen cycle
- nitrogen gas from air
- nitrifying bacteria in root nodules
- nitrogen fixing soil bacteria
- ammonification into ammonium
nitrification by nitrifying bacteria into nitrates - oxidised by nitrifying bacteria- go into plants- plants die and decompose by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria into ammonium
denitrifying bacteria make it into nitrigen gas
