C1 cell respiration Flashcards
respiration definition
chemical reaction inside cells that releases energy in the form of atp through oxidaton of organic molecules ( eg:lucose)
breathing definition
process of ventilation that causes inhale and exhale of air through muscular contractions of diaphram and intercoastal muscle
gas exchange
process of diffusion of gases between capillary and alveoli i lungs
cell respiration
controlled release of energy from organic compounds usually
usually: glucos and carbs
sometimes: lipids/ fatty acids, proteins
formula of aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
does oxygen or no oxygen give a better yield of ATP
with oxygen
what is ATP used for?
muscle contraction
protein synthesis
DNA replication
active transport
vesicle transport
cell signaling
what do all processes using ATP release
heat energy - used to raise the temperature of organisms
ADP->ATP
ADP bonds with inorganic phosphate using ATP synthase to form ATP. this is a reversible condensation reaction which releases water, reduction
ATP-ADP
ATP uses water to break down bond with phosphate using ATPase, which gived ADP and a phosphate. this is a hydrolysis reaction, oxidation
oxidation
loss of electrons
gain of oxygen
hydrogen lost
reduction
gain of electrons
oxygen lost
hydrogen gained
3 ways that ATP is formed by phosphorylation
-phosphophorylation: occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis
- oxidative phosphorylation:occurs in in the mitochondria during the e- transport chain (final step of respiration)
- substrate level phosphorylation: occurs in the mitochondria duringg the krebs cycle (intermediate steps of respiration)
splitting of atp as a source of instant energy
ADP releases energy in small and manageable bursts curing times the cell is in need
hydrolysis of atp as source of instant energy
single reaction, ATP to ADP, single reaction, glucose breakdown requires a series of reactions therfore cells prefer ATP
is ATP mobile
yes, so it transports energy where needed in cell
cell respiration defenition
the controlled release of energy by enzymes in metabolic pathways, how the cell control the rate of enzymes catayled pathways and cycles end product inhibition
components of a cell
- nuclear membrane
- ribosomes (80s)
- mitochondrion
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
2d view of a mitochondrium structure
- circular DNA
- outer membrane
- matrix
- inner membrane
- intermembrane space
- ribosomes (70s)
- cristae
processes of aerobic respiration
glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
chemiomosis
cytoplasm and mitochondria special functions
cytoplasm- without oxygen ( glcolysis)
mitochondria- with oxygen ( link reaction, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain)
glycolysis steps
1) phosphorylation- a hexose sugar (glucose) is phosphorylates using ATP, 2 ATP used
2) lysis- the hexose phosphate is split into two triose phosphates
3) oxidation- triose phosphate is oxidized (removal of hydrogen to pyruvate)
NAD is reduced (addition of hydrogen) to NADH
4) ATP is formed by ADP + Pi by substrate level phosphorylation
what is used and formed in glycolysis
uses 2 ATP
produce 4 ATP
net yield 2ATP
what is the names of removal of hydrogen and carbondioxide
- removal of hydrogen is oxidation
- removal of carbondioxide is decarbocylation
link reaction steps
1) pyruvate enters the mitochondran matrix from cytoplasm
2) pyruvate bonds with coenzyme
3) enzymes remove one carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the pyruvate
link reaction is oxidative decarboxylation
product is acetylcoenzyme a
NAD reduced to NADH
krebs cycle steps
1) 4c sugar is added to acetyl of acetyl CoA to form 6c(citric acid)-Coa is recycled back to links reaction
2) to remove C is 6C: Oxidative decarboxylation- NAD is reduced to NADH, CO2 is removed
3) to remove C from 5C: Oxidative decarboxylation- NAD is reduced into NADH and CO2 is removed- forms 4C
4) 1 ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation (ADP + pi)
5) process is oxidative as NAD and FAD are reduced by addition of hydrogen FAD->FADH2
link reaction products
2 co2s
2 NADH
yield of krebs cycle
4CO2
6NADH
2FADH2
2 ATP
What are the names of the 4 intermembrane proteins used in electron transport chain
- NADH dehydrogenase
2.succinate reductase - cytochrome oxidase
4.ATP synthase
what comes after the Krebs cycle and where is it performed
Electron transport chain
inner membrane/ inter membrane space
What is the first step of the electron transport chain
NADH dehydrogenase:
NADH is oxidised into NAD and the hydrogen is pumped into the inter membrane space, the electron removed is then used to activate the next protein which is the succinate reductase.
What is the second step of the electron transport chain
the SUCCINATE REDUCTASE
after activated oxidises FADH2 into FAD where 2 hydrogen ions are pumped into inter membrane space and the 2 electrons activate next protein whihc is the cytochrome oxidase
What is the third step of the electron transport chain
The CYTOCHROME OXIDASE, reduces oxygen into 2 water molecules by the addition of 4 hydrogen ions and 4 electrons, forming net yield of 2 water molecules
What is the last and fourth step of the electron transport chain
ATP SYNTHASE
the hydrogen ions which is in high concentrationn in the inter membrane space diffuse through protein by diffusion in a process called chemiosmosis, this hydrogen is used to convert adp into atp, through substrae level phosphorylation
net yeild of atp is 32 atp’s
what is anaerobic respiration
respiration in absence of oxygen
produces less ATP, less energy compared to aerobic respiration
explain anaerobic respiration in yeast (funghi)
called, alcohol fermentation:
1.glucose is first converted into pyruvate, (where NADx2 is converted to NADHx2; and ADP+PI x2 converted into ATP x2)
2.pyruvate is converted into 2x acetaldehyde which uses pyruvate decarboxylase (enzyme) and releases one co2
- 2x acetaldehyde is converted into 2x ethanol with use of alcohol dehydrogenase (enzyme) (in addition NADH x2 produced in first step is used to create 2x NAD which is then linked back to first step like a cycle)
explain anaerobic respiration in animal cells/ humans
lactate fermentation:
1. glucose is converted into pyruvate ( NAD x2 converted into NADH x2, and ADP+PI x2 is converted into 2x ATP)
- pyruvate is converted nto 2x lactate where lactate dehydrogenase (enzyme) is used, (2x NADH from first step is converted into 2x NAD, reused in first step)
products of alcohol fermentation
ethanol and co2
products of lactate fermentation
lactate or lactic acid
why is anaerobic respiration used in humans
because its the fastest way to create ATP, to maximise power of muscle contraction and remove oxygen debt
what does lactate cause in body
as its toxic, causes cramps
lactate must be broken down by what? into what?
by the liver into water and carbon dioxide
why is yeast used in baking
yeast anaerobic respiration produces ethanol which evaporates, carbon dioxide cant escape forms bubbles, bread rise and swell
besides from bread how else is ethanol from fermentation used
to make beer and wine, glucose from beer comes from barley and wine from grapes
most bioethanol is produced from
sugar caine and maize using yeast
what keeps the yeast at optimum conditions
fermenters
what are the adpatations of inter membrane space for its function
small space maximizes H+ ions accumulation to quickly generate an electro chemical concentration gradient for chemiosmosis
what are the adpatations of matrix for its function
fluid containing enzymes and optimum PH for the krebs cycle and the link reaction
what are the adpatations of cristae for its function
inner membrane folds to increase surface area avilable for oxidative phosphorylation
what are the adpatations of 70s ribosomes for its function
synthesises proteins including enzymes used in aerobic respiration
what are the adpatations of circular dna for its function
necessary for mitochondria function including protein synthesis
what are the adpatations of outer membrane for its function
contains transport proteins such as channles to enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol
what are the adpatations of inner membrane for its function
contains the carrier protein complexes that make up the electron transport chain such as proton pumps and ATP synthase
