HNN Anatomy Flashcards
The facial artery is a branch of which large artery in the neck?
The external carotid artery
What vein does the facial vein drain into?
Internal jugular
Which blood vessels supply and drain the lips? What artery and vein are these vessels branches of?
Superior and inferior labial artery and vein.
Facial artery and vein.
What blood vessels run along the side of the nose and medial corner of the eye? What vessels are these branches of?
Angular artery and vein.
Facial artery and vein.
What blood vessels branch off the maxillary artery and vein to supply the face?
Transverse facial artery and vein and superficial temporal artery and vein.
What is the nerve supply of the parotid gland?
Glossopharangeal nerve (CNIX) via the otic ganglion.
What is the nerve supply of the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Facial nerve (CNVII) via the submandibular ganglion.
What are the consequences of a severed salivary duct?
A salivary mucocele.
What is the location of the parotid duct?
Inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the masseter muscle, wrapped around the mandibular ramus.
What is the location of the submandibular glands?
Floor of the mouth, lateral to the lingual frenulum.
What facial muscle does the parotid duct pierce?
The buccinator muscle.
What is the location of the sublingual glands?
Inferior to the tongue, anterior superior to the submandibular glands.
List some of the main derivatives of ectoderm.
CNS and PNS sensory epithelium of ear, nose and eye epidermis, hair, nails subcutaneous, mammary and pituitary gland enamel of teeth
Which embryonic feature has an inductive relationship with the overlying ectoderm?
The notochord
What is the initial event in the process of neurulation?
The appearance of the notochord and and mesoderm induce the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate.
What is the special sensory function of the facial nerve?
Supplies taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.
What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?
Supplies part of the external auditory meatus and the deeper auricle.
What is the parasympathetic function of the facial nerve?
Activates lacrimal glands, submandibular and sublingual glands, glands of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and hard and soft palates.
What is the motor function of the facial nerve?
innervates muscles of facial expression, scalp, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle.
Name the 5 branches of the facial nerve from superior to inferior.
Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Marginal mandibular branch Cervical branch
Describe the course of the facial nerve.
- originates in the pons, exits cranial cavity through external acoustic meatus.
- passes through the facial canal of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
- Exits the skull at the stylomastoid formamen.
The geniculate ganglion is a part of which cranial nerve?
CNVII - facial nerve
The greater petrosal nerve, nerve to stapedius muscle and the chorda tympani are branches of which cranial nerve?
CNVII - facial nerve
What are the sensory functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Vestibular division - balance.
Cochlear division - hearing.
What is the course of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
- originates from the pons and exits the cranial cavity via the internal acoustic meatus.
- travels through the petrous part of the temporal bone.
What are the 4 borders of the area of occipital bone targeted for the retrosigmoid approach?
Superior- transverse sinus
inferior - foramen magnum
medial - midline
lateral - sigmoid sinus
What two cranial nerves originate from the cerebrum?
I and II, olfactory and optic.
What is the origin of the trochlear nerve (CNIV)?
Posterior side of the midbrain.
What is the origin of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)?
Midbrain-pontine junction
What is the origin of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)?
The pons
What three cranial nerves originate from the pontine-medullary junction?
Abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII).
What four cranial nerves exit the medulla oblongata?
Posterior to the olive: glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI). Anterior to the olive: hypoglossal (XII).
Which cranial nerve passes through the cribiform plate?
Olfactory (I)
Name the foramina that CNII passes through.
Optic canal
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissue?
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Ophthalmic (V1), Abducens (VI)
What cranial nerve exits out of the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (V2)
What cranial nerve exits out of the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (V3)
What cranial nerves exit out of the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)
What cranial nerves exit out of the jugular foramen?
Glossopharangeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI)
Where does CNXII exit?
Hypoglossal canal
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
Olfactory (I)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
Optic (II)
What is function of the oculomotor nerve?
Motor control of 4 extrinsic eye muscles, levator palpebrae superioris, pupillary sphincter
Which cranial nerve is response for the motor supply of the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear (IV)
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for the sensation of the scalp, forehead and nose?
Ophthalmic branch
What is the function of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Sensation of the cheeks, lower eye lid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth and palate.
What is the function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Taste from the anterior 2/3 tongue, skin over mandible and lower teeth.
Motor supply of the muscles of mastication.
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor supply of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
Abducens (VI)
What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?
Sensory supply of posterior 1/3 tongue, external ear, and middle ear cavity and carotid body and sinus.
Supplies taste from posterior 1/3 tongue.
Motor supply of parotid gland and stylopharyngeus
What are the functions of the vagus nerve (X)?
Sensory supply of external ear, larynx and pharynx and thoracic & abdominal viscera.
Supplies taste from epiglottis region of tongue
Motor supply of smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx and most of the GIT. Most muscles of pharynx and larynx.
Which cranial nerve provides the motor supply of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Spinal accessory nerve (XI).
Which cranial nerve has some fibres running alongside CNX to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen?
Spinal accessory nerve (XI).
What is the function of the hypoglossal muscle?
Motor supply of the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus).
What two places in the throat can fish bones get stuck?
Piriform fossa and the vallecula
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for movement, decision-making, problem solving, and planning?
The frontal lobe.
Describe the function of the 3 different parts of the frontal lobe.
Prefrontal cortex - personality expression, planning of complex cognitive behaviours
Premotor cortex - voluntary muscle movement
Primary Motor Cortex (motor homunculus)- voluntary muscle movement.
The somatosensory cortex is located in which lobe of the cerebral cortex?
The parietal lobe.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for the sensations of pressure, touch, pain and spatial awareness?
The parietal lobe.
Where is the primary visual cortex located in the brain?
The occipital lobe.
Which specific part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for visual perception?
Posterior part of the temporal and occipital lobes.
Which structures of the limbic system are located in the temporal lobes?
Olfactory cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus (memory).
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Organising sensory input, auditory perception, language and speech production and memory association and formation.
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
The temporal lobes.
What is the difference between the function of Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area? What would the effect be if they got damaged?
Wernicke’s area - language comprehension, receptive aphasia (extremely poor comprehension)
Broca’s area - motor aspect of speech, expressive aphasia (non-fluent and slow speech).
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Initiation of movement and planning of complex voluntary movement.
Name the different parts of the basal ganglia.
Corpus Striatum - made up of Caudate Nucleus, Putamen and Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nuclei (produces glutamate) Substantia Nigra (produces dopamine)
Damage to which part of the brain causes Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia nigra.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Autonomic/involuntary fucntions i.e. heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing etc.
What is the role of the pons?
Connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata.
Communications and coordination centre between the two hemispheres of the brain.
Transfers messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
In which part of the brain are cell bodies of 3rd order neurons in ascending pathways located?
The thalamus.
I am a dual lobed mass of grey matter located under the cerebral cortex. I receive auditory, somatosensory and visual sensory signals and relays them to cortex. What am I?
The thalamus.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Role in maintaining homeostasis (temperature, hunger, thirst)
Direct influence on the pituitary gland
Connection between the endocrine and nervous system.
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone. Relays information between body muscles are parts of the cortex that are involved in motor control.
What is the location and function of the amygdala?
Location: deep within the medial temporal lobes.
Function: part of the limbic system, processing and memory of emotional reactions.
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Limbic system structure
Important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses (smell & sound) to memories.
Sends memories out to the cerebral cortex for long-term storage and retrieves them when necessary.
Describe the function of the tonsils.
Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue, they are part of the immune system and have a role in defence.
Name the different tonsils which make up Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring. Briefly describe their location.
The pharyngeal tonsil - midline on roof of nasopharynx.
The palatine tonsil - each side of oropharynx, between palatoglossal and palatophyrangeal fold.
The Lingual tonsil - on posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
The tubal tonsil - surrounds opening of auditory tube.
The eustachian tube connects what two spaces?
The middle ear and the nasopharynx.
What is the function of the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscle?
Limits vibrations of the ossicles, dampening down loud sounds.
The nerve to stapedius is a branch of which cranial nerve?
The facial nerve (CNVII)
The tensor tympani nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Damage to the cerebellum produces which condition?
Cerebellar ataxia - poor coordination
Where does the basal ganglia receive and send information?
Input - prefrontal cortex
Output - premotor area
In the pyramidal tract, where are cell bodies located of the upper and lower motor neurons?
UMN - primary motor cortex
LMN - nucleus of brain stem or spinal cord.
The corticospinal tract splits into the anterior (15%) and lateral (85%) tracts at the level of the medulla. What are the anterior and lateral tracts responsible for?
Anterior - control proximal and axial (trunk) muscles and maintain posture.
Lateral - voluntary control of distal muscles.
Which cranial nerves are involved in the corticobulbar pathway?
CN 3-7 and 9-12
What is function of the rubrospinal tract?
Conveys nerve impulses from red nucleus to contralateral skeletal muscles that govern precise, voluntary movements of distal parts of upper limbs.
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Conveys nerve impulses from superior colliculus to contralateral skeletal muscles that reflexively move head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual or auditory stimuli.
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Conveys nerve impulses from vestibular nucleus to ipsilateral skeletal muscles of trunk and proximal parts of limbs for maintaining posture and balance in response to head movements
Describe the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.
Dopamine produces in the substantia nigra. Axons travel to the corpus striatum (globus pallidus and putamens). Important pathway in motor control.
Describe the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine pathways.
Axons project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex. Important for working memory and reward.
Describe the tubero-infundibular dopamine pathway.
Dopamine is released from the arcurate nucleus of the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary gland and inhibits prolactin production.
Describe the serotonin pathway.
Serotonergic neurons project from the raphe nuclei of the brainstem and project to different areas of the brain. Caudal nuclei in the medulla innervates the spinal cord and rostral nuclei in the pons and midbrain innervate the brain. Both modulate pain signals.
Describe the noradrenaline pathway.
Noradrenalinergic neurons project from the caudal raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus to most of the CNS.
Where are tumours of the mouth normally located?
Floor of the mouth/lateral borders of the tongue.
What type of tumours are normally found in the mouth?
Squamous cell carcinomas
What would the histology of an oral tumour show?
Keratinization and dysplasia of the epithelium.
Describe the premalignant form of an oral tumour.
Persistent white patches called leukoplakia.
Describe the pathology of an advanced tumour of the mouth.
Indurated (abnormally hard) lump with raised and rolled edges.
List some of the lymph nodes that drain the head and neck.
Pre-auricular nodes, posterior auricular nodes, occipital nodes, submental nodes, sublingual nodes, jugulodigastric node, juduloomohyoid node, deep cervical node, superficial cervical node, supraclavicular nodes.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the tongue.
Posterior aspect - superior deep cervical nodes
Central aspect - inferior deep cervical nodes
Lateral edges - submandibular nodes
Anterior tip - submental nodes
Name the four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue, their function and motor innervation.
Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical.
Function - affect shape and size of the tongue, role in eating, speech and swallowing.
Innervation - Hypoglossal (CNXII)
What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue with regards to attachment?
Intrinsic muscles only attach to other structures within the tongue.
Extrinsic muscles attach to structures outwith the tongue.
Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and state their innervation.
Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus - Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)
Palatoglossus - Vagus nerve (CNX)
Describe the attachment and function of the genioglossus muscle.
Arises from mental symphysis and inserts into the dorsum of the tongue.
Function - Inferior fibres protrude tongue, middle fibres depress tongue, superior fibres draw tip back and down.
Describe the attachment and function of the hyoglossus muscle.
Arises from the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue.
Function - depresses and retracts tongue.
Describe the attachment and function of the styloglossus muscle.
Arises at the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the side of the tongue.
Function - retracts and elevates the tongue.
Describe the attachment and function of the palatoglossus muscle.
Arises from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts broadly across the tongue.
Function - elevates the posterior aspect of the tongue.
What is the blood supply and drainage of the tongue?
Lingual artery - from external carotid.
Tonsillar artery - from facial.
Drainage - lingual vein to internal jugular.
What are the vocal folds?
Twin infoldings on mucous membrane stretched horizonally across the larynx.
Give a brief overview of the visual pathway.
eyeball>optic nerve>optic chiasm>lateral geniculate body>optic tract>occipital lobe.
Which hemispheres of the occipital lobe is responsible for vision in which visual fields?
Right nasal and left temporal: Right hemisphere
Left nasal and right hemisphere: Left hemisphere
(i.e the fibres for the temporal visual fields crosses over.)
What visual field defect would be caused by a lesion in the left optic nerve?
Left anopia (blindness in the left eye)
What visual field defect would be caused by a lesion in the optic chiasm?
Bitemporal hemianopia (blindness in the temporal fields of both eyes)
What visual field defect would be caused by a lesion on the left optic tract, before the lateral geniculate body?
Right homonymous heminopia (blindness in the right temporal and left nasal fields)
What visual field defect would be caused by a lesion on the left optic tract, after the lateral geniculate body?
Right homonymous superior quadrantopia (blindness in the upper quadrants of the right temporal and left nasal fields)
