Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction and Sexual Health > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by a ‘retrovirus’?

A

Once inside the host cell it uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What HIV group was responsible for the global pandemic in 1981?

A

HIV-1 group M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the CD4 glycoprotein found?

A

Surface of T-helper lymphocytes, macrophages and microglial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are the target site for HIV?

A

CD4+ on T-helper lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of CD4+ T h lymphocytes?

A

Recognise MHC2 antigen presenting cell
Activation of B cells
Activation of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
Cytokine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal CD4+ Th cell count?

A

500-1600 cells/ mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At what CD4+ Th cell count is there a high chance of infection?

A

<200 cells/ mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What affects does HIV have on immune resonse? 5 stages

A

Sequestration of cells in lymphoid tissue so reduced circulating CD4+ cells in blood stream
Reduced proliferation of CD4+ cells
Reduced CD8+ T cell activation - increased susceptibility to viruses
Reduced antibody switching
Chronic immune activation - leaky gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average time to death from HIV with no treatment?

A

9-11 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long after exposure to HIV does it take for the infection to become established?

A

3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do the symptoms of the primary HIV infection show?

A

2-4 weeks after infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of the primary HIV infection?

A 
Fever
Pharyngitis
Aseptic meningitis
Myalgia
Headache
Maculopapular rash on upper body
Often misdiagnosed as cold or flu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs during the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection?

A

Ongoing viral replication, CD4+ count depletion and immune activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an opportunistic infection?

A

Infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce disease in a healthy individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV?

A 
Pneumocystic pneumonia (PCP)
Tuberculosis
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus
Skin infections
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment
Progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy
Neurological presentation
HIV associated wasting
Kaposi's sarcoma 
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Cervical cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organism causes pneumocystic pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what CD4 count do HIV patients get pneumocystic pneumonia?

A

<200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumocystic pneumonia?

A

Insidious onset
SOB
Dry cough
Exercise desaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does pneumocystic pneumonia show on CXR?

A

May be normal

Interstitial infiltrates and reticulonodular markings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can pneumocystic pneumonia be diagnosed?

A 
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
Immunofluorescence +/- PCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is pneumocystic pneumonia treated?

A

High dose co-trimoxazole +/- steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What organism causes cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At what CD4 count do patients get cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A

<150

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebral toxoplasmosis?

A 
Multiple cerebral abscesses
Headache
Fever
Focal neuro - weaknes
Seizures
Raised ICP
Chorioretinitis
Decreased consciousness
Multiple ring enhancing lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What infections does CMV cause?
Retinitis (most common) Oesophagitis Colitis
26
Whats does a CMV infection present with?
``` Reduced visual acuity Floaters in eye Abdo pain Diarrhoea PR bleed ```
27
What screening should be done for all patients with a CD4+ of less than 50
Ophthalmic screening
28
What sort of skin infections do HIV patients get?
``` Herpes zoster Herpes simplex HPV Pencilliosis Histoplasmosis ```
29
What virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
JC virus (reactivation of latent infection)
30
At what CD4 count do HIV patients present with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
<100
31
How does progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy present?
Rapidly progressive Focal neurology Confusion Personality change
32
What is HIV associated wasting?
Slim's disease - cachexia
33
What is the aetiology of HIV associated wasting?
Metabolic - chronic immune activation Anorexia Malabsorption/ diarrhoea Hypogonadism
34
What virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma?
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV)
35
How can Kaposi's sarcoma present?
Cancer that is: Cutaneous Mucosal Visceral (pulmonary, GI)
36
What is the treatment for Kaposi's sarcoma?
HAART Liquid nitrogen Systemic chemotherapy
37
What causes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
EBV - burkitt's lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma
38
How does non-Hodgkin's lymphoma present?
B symptoms Bone marrow involvement Extranodal disease CNS involvement
39
How is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated?
HAART
40
How often are women with HIV screened for cervical cancer?
Every year (instead of every 3)
41
Why does psoriasis get worse in HIV?
CD8 cells
42
Why does rheumatoid get better in HIV?
CD4 cells
43
What are the modes of HIV transmission?
Sexual Parenteral - drug use, infected blood products Mother to child - in-utero, delivery, breast feeding
44
Why is the rectum vulnerable to HIV?
Only 1 cell thick and full of lymphoid tissue
45
How should a baby be delivered if the mother has a detectable viral load?
C-section
46
What are the markers for testing HIV?
Viral RNA Antigen (capsule protein p24) Antibody (envelope proteins gp120)
47
What is the window period of HIV?
Have HIV but test negative
48
What is the window period of the 3rd generation HIV antibody tests?
20-25 days
49
What is the window period of the 4th generation HIV antibody and antigen tests?
14- 28 days
50
What is the rapid antigen test?
Fingerprick specimen or saliva | Results in 20-30mins
51
What are the targets for the anti-retroviral drugs?
``` Reverse transcriptase Integrate Protease Entry - fusion and CCR5 receptor Maturation phase ```
52
What type of drug is zidovudine?
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI)
53
Is zidovudine useful for asymptomatic patients?
No - does not improve survival when used as a monotherapy
54
What does HAART stand for?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
55
What is HAART?
Combination of at least 3 drugs from at least 2 drug classes to which the virus is susceptible
56
What are examples of HAART drugs?
Tenofovir Emtricitabine Efavirenz
57
What are possible side effects of HAART?
``` GI Skin - rash, hypersensitivity, Steven-Johnstons CNS - mood, psychosis Renal toxicities Bone - osteomalacia CVS - increased MI risk Anaemia ```
58
What HAART drugs cause GI side effects?
Protease inhibitors | Nevirapine
59
What HAART drugs cause skin side effects?
Abacavir | Nevirapine
60
What HAART drugs cause CNS side effects?
Efavirenz
61
What HAART drugs cause renal side effects?
Tenofovir | Atazanavir
62
What HAART drugs cause bone side effects?
Tenofovir
63
What HAART drugs cause CVS side effects?
Abacavir Lopinavir Maraviroc
64
What HAART drugs cause haem side effects?
Zidovudine
65
How do HAART drugs interfere with the liver?
Protease inhibitors - liver enzyme inhibitors | NNRTIs - liver enzyme inducers

Reproduction and Sexual Health (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions