HIV

Question 1

HIV damages the immune system by killing?

Answer 1

CD4+ cells

Question 2

last stage of HIV infection

Answer 2

AIDS

Question 3

as the HIV infection advances to AIDS, the amount of HIV in the body ____; number of CD4 ___

Answer 3

amount of hIV increases
number of CD4 decreases

Question 4

HIV is member of the family __

Answer 4

Retroviridae

Question 5

human immunodeficiency virus causes?

Answer 5

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 6

classify the two serogroups of HIV

Answer 6

HIV-1 = predominant strain worldwide
HIV-2 = limited primarily to West Africa

Question 7

3 subtypes of HIV-1

Answer 7

M, N, O

O and M = major

Question 8

HIV binds to the CD4 molecule, on what cells?

Answer 8

• T helper cells
• monocytes
• macrophages
• and other cells

Question 9

important for viral binding of HIV

Answer 9

secondary receptors

Question 10

primary target of viral binding

Answer 10

T helper cells

Question 11

RNA is transcribed to DNA by the activity of the viral enzyme ___. Viral DNA is then inserted into the host cell’s DNA by ___

Answer 11

activity = reverse transcriptase
host cell’s dna = viral integrase

Question 12

mature viruses leave the the host cell by?

Answer 12

budding

Question 13

HIV replication

Answer 13

1. HIV binds CD4
2. HIV penetrates plasma membrane, viral RNA release
3. RNA transcribed to DNA
4. viral DNA transcribed into mRNA
5. mRNA to viral proteins

Question 14

Antibodies to HIV generally appear about ___ after infection

Answer 14

12 weeks

Question 15

first antibodies to appear are detected by?

Answer 15

ELISA and western blot assays

Question 16

these antibodies able to interfere with infection of host cells appear about ___ after infection

Answer 16

neutralizing antibodies

appear about 1 year after infection

Question 17

HIV is able to escape the immune response by under undergoing?

Answer 17

antigenic variation

Question 18

HIV-2 is limited primarily to?

Answer 18

West Africa

HIV-2 is less pathogenic and has a lower rate of transmission

Question 19

what cells will deplete as the disease progresses?

Answer 19

CD4+ T helper cells

Question 20

normal ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells

Answer 20

2:1

Question 21

additional effects of HIV

Answer 21

• Decreases natural killer cell activity
• Defective chemotaxis in monocytes and macrophages
• Enhanced release of interleukin-1 and cachectin by monocytes

Question 22

HIV is transmitted via:

Answer 22

• unprotected sex (vaginal and anal intercourse)
• parenteral (contact with contaminated blood or blood products, needles)
• perinetally (during pregnancy)

Question 23

acute phase, infected persons will experience ___

Answer 23

asymptomatic or can have minor symptoms resembling infectious mononucleosis

Question 24

virus continues to replicate rapidly in the lymphoid tissue, this stage is referred to as __

Answer 24

clinical latency

Question 25

in this stage of AIDS-related complex (ARC), the patient will develop ___

Answer 25

**T cells begins to decrease** and the patient develops a number of **infections** caused by opportunistic pathogens | opportunistic pathogens: Candida, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus

Question 26

what happen when the patient reached the final stage (full-blown AIDS)?

Answer 26

- T cell depletion - severe opportunistic infections and cancers such as **esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis, systemic cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, and Kaposi's sarcoma**

Question 27

used to stage the severity of disease

Answer 27

CD4+ T cell counts

Question 28

used to detect antibodies to HIV and HIV antigen

Answer 28

ELISA test

Question 29

confirmatory tests for repeatedly positive samples (ELISA test)

Answer 29

- Western blot assay - immunofluorescent test

Question 30

Western blot is the confirmatory serological test for HIV in which ---- must appear.

Answer 30

two of the three bands | p24, gp41, or gp20/160

Question 31

this test can detect replicating viruses

Answer 31

genetic probes

Question 32

detect nucleic acid gene sequences in HIV-1 and HIV-2

Answer 32

Reverse Transciptase - PCR

Question 33

used to detect HIV antigen in infected cells and this can also be used as a confirmatory test

Answer 33

indirect immunofluorescence assay

Question 34

what is the treatment?

Answer 34

**Retrovir** (Zidovudine) | increases survival time and decreases mortality

Question 35

enumerate the prevention

Answer 35

- modification of sexual behavior - self-referral among high risk groups - screening of blood and organ donors - HIV screening during pregnancy (frm stevens) - heating blood plasma @ 68C for 24 hrs

Question 36

HIV is the etiologic agent of?

Answer 36

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Question 37

# enumeration isolates of HIV-1

Answer 37

- group M (majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide) - group O (outlier group) - group N and P (newer group) | group N, O, P are largely confined to West Africa

Question 38

why HIV is classified as a retrovirus?

Answer 38

bcos it contains RNA as its nuclecid acid and a reverse transcriptase

Question 39

# enumeration major structural genes

Answer 39

gag, env, and pol

Question 40

# enumeration protein product/s of gag gene

Answer 40

- p6 - p9 - p17 - p24

Question 41

# enumeration protein product/s of env gene

Answer 41

- gp120 - gp41

Question 42

protein product/s of pol gene

Answer 42

- p66 - p51 - p31 - p10

Question 43

# identify infectivity factor

Answer 43

*vif gene* **p23**

Question 44

# identify enhances HIV replication

Answer 44

*nef* gene **p27**

Question 45

individuals who have a genetic mutation in the CXCR4 gene have been found to be **resistant to HIV infection** | true or false

Answer 45

false, it is the CCR5

Question 46

INTERPRET Bands present: **p24 and gp120**

Answer 46

POSITIVE

Question 47

For the test to be valid, the ____ should be ___

Answer 47

the negative control should **produce no bands** and the positive control should be reactive with p17, p24, p31, gp41, p51, p55, p66, and gp120/160.

Question 48

INTERPRET Bands present: p24 and p55

Answer 48

INDETERMINATE

Question 49

This proteins appear relatively early after exposure.

Answer 49

p24 and p55

Question 50

how does the treatment works?

Answer 50

through ***GP-120*** and **GP-41** inhibitor

Question 51

prevents the virus from attaching and entering the cells

Answer 51

GP-120 inhibitor

Question 52

blocks the virus ability to fused with human immune cells

Answer 52

GP-41

Question 53

# true or false antiretroviral drugs directly kills the virus.

Answer 53

false | does not kill but it will block diff. stages of the virus

Question 54

# enumeration 6 classes of antiretroviral therapy

Answer 54

- Attachment inhibitors - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) - Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) - Protease inhibitors - Integrase inhibitors - Pharmacokinetic enhancers (boosters)