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IS Lab > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

HIV damages the immune system by killing?

A

CD4+ cells

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2
Q

last stage of HIV infection

A

AIDS

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3
Q

as the HIV infection advances to AIDS, the amount of HIV in the body ____; number of CD4 ___

A

amount of hIV increases
number of CD4 decreases

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4
Q

HIV is member of the family __

A

Retroviridae

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5
Q

human immunodeficiency virus causes?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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6
Q

classify the two serogroups of HIV

A

HIV-1 = predominant strain worldwide
HIV-2 = limited primarily to West Africa

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7
Q

3 subtypes of HIV-1

A

M, N, O

O and M = major

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8
Q

HIV binds to the CD4 molecule, on what cells?

A
  • T helper cells
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • and other cells
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9
Q

important for viral binding of HIV

A

secondary receptors

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10
Q

primary target of viral binding

A

T helper cells

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11
Q

RNA is transcribed to DNA by the activity of the viral enzyme ___. Viral DNA is then inserted into the host cell’s DNA by ___

A

activity = reverse transcriptase
host cell’s dna = viral integrase

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12
Q

mature viruses leave the the host cell by?

A

budding

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13
Q

HIV replication

A
  1. HIV binds CD4
  2. HIV penetrates plasma membrane, viral RNA release
  3. RNA transcribed to DNA
  4. viral DNA transcribed into mRNA
  5. mRNA to viral proteins
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14
Q

Antibodies to HIV generally appear about ___ after infection

A

12 weeks

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15
Q

first antibodies to appear are detected by?

A

ELISA and western blot assays

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16
Q

these antibodies able to interfere with infection of host cells appear about ___ after infection

A

neutralizing antibodies

appear about 1 year after infection

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17
Q

HIV is able to escape the immune response by under undergoing?

A

antigenic variation

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18
Q

HIV-2 is limited primarily to?

A

West Africa

HIV-2 is less pathogenic and has a lower rate of transmission

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19
Q

what cells will deplete as the disease progresses?

A

CD4+ T helper cells

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20
Q

normal ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells

A

2:1

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21
Q

additional effects of HIV

A
  • Decreases natural killer cell activity
  • Defective chemotaxis in monocytes and macrophages
  • Enhanced release of interleukin-1 and cachectin by monocytes
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22
Q

HIV is transmitted via:

A
  • unprotected sex (vaginal and anal intercourse)
  • parenteral (contact with contaminated blood or blood products, needles)
  • perinetally (during pregnancy)
23
Q

acute phase, infected persons will experience ___

A

asymptomatic or can have minor symptoms resembling infectious mononucleosis

24
Q

virus continues to replicate rapidly in the lymphoid tissue, this stage is referred to as __

A

clinical latency

25
Q

in this stage of AIDS-related complex (ARC), the patient will develop ___

A

T cells begins to decrease and the patient develops a number of infections caused by opportunistic pathogens

opportunistic pathogens: Candida, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus

26
Q

what happen when the patient reached the final stage (full-blown AIDS)?

A
  • T cell depletion
  • severe opportunistic infections and cancers such as esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis, systemic cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, and Kaposi’s sarcoma
27
Q

used to stage the severity of disease

A

CD4+ T cell counts

28
Q

used to detect antibodies to HIV and HIV antigen

A

ELISA test

29
Q

confirmatory tests for repeatedly positive samples (ELISA test)

A
  • Western blot assay
  • immunofluorescent test
30
Q

Western blot is the confirmatory serological test for HIV in which —- must appear.

A

two of the three bands

p24, gp41, or gp20/160

31
Q

this test can detect replicating viruses

A

genetic probes

32
Q

detect nucleic acid gene sequences in HIV-1 and HIV-2

A

Reverse Transciptase - PCR

33
Q

used to detect HIV antigen in infected cells and this can also be used as a confirmatory test

A

indirect immunofluorescence assay

34
Q

what is the treatment?

A

Retrovir
(Zidovudine)

increases survival time and decreases mortality

35
Q

enumerate the prevention

A
  • modification of sexual behavior
  • self-referral among high risk groups
  • screening of blood and organ donors
  • HIV screening during pregnancy (frm stevens)
  • heating blood plasma @ 68C for 24 hrs
36
Q

HIV is the etiologic agent of?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

37
Q

enumeration

isolates of HIV-1

A
  • group M (majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide)
  • group O (outlier group)
  • group N and P (newer group)

group N, O, P are largely confined to West Africa

38
Q

why HIV is classified as a retrovirus?

A

bcos it contains RNA as its nuclecid acid and a reverse transcriptase

39
Q

enumeration

major structural genes

A

gag, env, and pol

40
Q

enumeration

protein product/s of gag gene

A
  • p6
  • p9
  • p17
  • p24
41
Q

enumeration

protein product/s of env gene

A
  • gp120
  • gp41
42
Q

protein product/s of pol gene

A
  • p66
  • p51
  • p31
  • p10
43
Q

identify

infectivity factor

A

vif gene p23

44
Q

identify

enhances HIV replication

A

nef gene p27

45
Q

individuals who have a genetic mutation in the CXCR4 gene have been found to be resistant to HIV infection

true or false

A

false, it is the CCR5

46
Q

INTERPRET
Bands present: p24 and gp120

A

POSITIVE

47
Q

For the test to be valid, the ____ should be ___

A

the negative control should produce no bands and the positive control should be reactive with p17, p24, p31, gp41, p51, p55, p66, and gp120/160.

48
Q

INTERPRET
Bands present: p24 and p55

A

INDETERMINATE

49
Q

This proteins appear relatively early after exposure.

A

p24 and p55

50
Q

how does the treatment works?

A

through GP-120 and GP-41 inhibitor

51
Q

prevents the virus from attaching and entering the cells

A

GP-120 inhibitor

52
Q

blocks the virus ability to fused with human immune cells

A

GP-41

53
Q

true or false

antiretroviral drugs directly kills the virus.

A

false

does not kill but it will block diff. stages of the virus

54
Q

enumeration

6 classes of antiretroviral therapy

A
  • Attachment inhibitors
  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
  • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
  • Protease inhibitors
  • Integrase inhibitors
  • Pharmacokinetic enhancers (boosters)

IS Lab (10 decks)

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