history wars and conflict and tensions Flashcards
end of WW1
1918
date of russia known as USSR
1922
what age can women vote in 1928
21
date of japan invaded China
1931
who did Italy invade in 1935
abyssinia
ceasefire
a break in fighting (peace)
what year was there an armistice in world war one
1918
peace treaty world war one
france opions
would want it to be harsh
lost many men - diminished population
houses and factories destroyed
economy damaged
peace treaty world war one
britain opinions
quite harsh but
Germanys propaganda traumatized Britain’s civilians
lost 7 billions pounds lost
food shortages
war was never on britains soil
peace treaty world war one
USA opions
not very harsh
although americans still thought in the war so faced causalties
boats were sunk with supplies and civilains on board
werent affected in any other ways
peace treaty world war one
germany opions
not very harsh at all
been affected finacially
experienced widespread famine
flu epidemic
2 millon children left fatherless
germany believed they should be treat with compassion
what did the french lose in world war one and consequences
1.4 million men
750 000 homes
23 000 factories
90% coal industry was inoperative
not the first time Germany invaded France
what did britain lose in world war one and consequences
760 00 of ships
0 lives
food shortages
sank supply
7 852 000 000 pounds
what did German lose in world war one and consequences
cut off food supplies
widespread starvation
flu epedemic
industiral production fell
revolution broke out
600 000 widows
2 million children fatherless
fourteen points who suggested them
american president - woodrow wilson
who did the 14 points apply too
everyone
treaty at the end of world war one
treaty of versailus
terms of treaty
german nvy limited to 15000 sailors and 6 battle ships
war guilt clause - germany and allies had to take full responsibilities
article 232 - germany had to pay reparations
1921 set to 6.6 billion pounds
anschluss between germany forbidden
germany lost ten percent of land
rhineland demilitarised
germany navy limited to 15 000 sailors and 6 boats affect on germany and who benifits
vulnerable on the sea and gives england the chance to win the naval race
what is article 231
war guilt clause which germany and allies have to accept full responsibilities
article 231 affect on germany and who benifits
Germany was not trusted by others due to reputation. big three had a better reputation so are more likley to gain trade
rhineland demilitarised affects on germany and who beinfits
lost some of there land
france as theres a buffer zone between them
article 232 what is it
germany had to pay reparations
how much were the reparations
6.6 billions
article 232 effecg on germnay and who benifits
economic crash in germany and increace in poverty
big three as they get a steady cash flow for years
who are the big three
USA
France
Britain
what is Anschluss
Austria and Germany
Anschluss forbidden effect on germany and who it benifits
Germany has no allies as neighbours
Britain and France as less allies
what percentage of land did germany lose in world war one
10 percent
germany lost 10 percent effects on germany and who it benifits
less space for houses buildings and decrease economically
Big three as land is split between them - building there empires
who are the big 5
France
America
Italy
Jaan
British empire
refer to diagram one on slides and describe
the hand is capturing the germans not letting them out there grasp
the group is force feeding the germans conditions.
force feeding accordings to the germany is diktat as they dont get a say in the peace treaty
how satisfied is britain with the Tof V
5 out of 10
how satisifed is france with the T of V
1/10
how satisifed is america with the t of v
4/10
who was the president of america during ww1
Woodrow wilson
who was the prime minster of uk during ww1
David Lloyd George
who was the prime minster of France during ww1
George Clemenceau
what terms was liked by Woodrow
Anschluss
Reduced army
Danzig freedom
Limited navy and air force
Colonies in Africa given back
terms Woodrow disliked
loss of Germans land
too much moeny given to them
germany not allowed in the LON
Saar not under german conrol
limited army and airforce - too much
what is the Saarland
industrial land originally owned by Germany
terms Clemenceau liked
limited army
full guilt clause
Rhineland demilitarised
pay reparations
Anschluss
Africa given to LON
Saar land given to them
No tanks or air force
Danzig a free city
terms Clemenceau disliked
France not gaining colonies
wanting more land
terms David Lloyd George liked
Anschluss forbidden
Polish corridor - more trade
limited army
Danzig made free
terms David Lloyd George disliked
Saar land taken- less trade
rerspirations
navy limited - wanted fully stopped
loss of 10% of land - less trade
Danzig
originally Poland land which was invaded and captured by Germany. Then free in T of V
polish corridor
given to Poland inn T of V allowing more trade routes after Germany captured it
idealist definition
a person with committed ideas
league of nations
formed under T of V. A group of countries that worked together for peace
self determination
the idea that countries should be able to rule themselves. Rather then be a part of an empire
armistice
intial agreement signed to stop fighting in a war
Rhineland
An area around the Rhine river which borders France
14 points definition
list of rules that were designed to create fairness and peace - designed by Woodrow Wilson
Allies
work, together alligned
Diktat
A force treaty. T of V was known as dictated peace
demilitarise
to remove all military from an area
Disarmament
a reduction or limitation of the number f weapons or troops a country has
reparations
money paid as a compensation to people or a country that has been harmed
what problems did the T of V cause for Germany
tax raise
reduced income - economically
lack of defence
loss or Saar land
less funding
lack of money - poverty
loss of pride
less trade
unemployment
bad reputations
less funding
November criminals
nickname given to the German politicians who signed the T of V
treaty of St Germain
Austria - 1919
less land
less navy
less army
cant allign
no conscription
treaty of Newilly
Bulgaria -1919
lost land
Gained land
100 million respirsions
army restricted
treaty of trianon
Hungary -1920
army restricted
No conscription
3 boats
loss of land
treaty of servers
Türkiye - 1920
loss land
army restricted
empire split
treaty of lozan
Turkey - 1923
less land
no army
no respiration
league of nations strengths
living and working circumstances improved in LON countries
cooperation’s between countries to reach goals and aims
all countries join together if there’s a war
refugee committee
Slavery commission
International labour organisation
Health committee
secretariat
league of nations weakness
caused germay
too ambitious
too many countries left out
the mandates commision
who were the permanent members of league of nations
Britain
France
Italy
Japan
commission for refugees
sucess and failures
aim - to return prisoners of war home and support refugees by improving camp conditions and finding them new homes or returning them to their own countries once the threat of conflict has passed
sucess - the league helped free around 427 000 out of 500 000 prisoners and return to homeland -1921
failures - the league tried to appoint high commissioners for refugees which Germany rejected - 1933
international labour organisation
success and failures
aim - bring parties together to improve working conditions
success - recommended banging white led pain due it to being poisonous- 1922
failure - tried to stop people under 14 working mostly ignored due to cheapness of children -1919
slavery commission
success and failures
success - 200 000 people freed. managed to prevent force labour in some parts of the world.
failures
economic and financial committee
success and failures
success- all members followed the same rules. codes for importing and exporting now
failures- once global depression hit in 1929 the committee collapsed
organisation for communications and transport
success and failures
aim - regulated transport developed during the war in order to keep people safe
success - introduce shipping lanes which meant fewer collisions occured
no failures
health committee
success and failure
success - started an international campaign to kill mosquitos which spread diseases such as malaria and yellow fever
no failure
permanent central opium board
success and failure
aim - stop cultivation and distribution of opium - legally used as a pain killer
success - blacklisted four large companies that were involved in trading illegal drugs
failures- some historians claim that key members of the LON were not really dedicated to stopping the sale of opium as they made large amounts of money from it
vilna event
date and what happened
1920
Austria-Hungary empire were given independence
lots of countries were established. Vilna giving to Lithuania. Poland invaded it ignoring LON.
failure for league
upper Silesia
date and what happened
1921-25
A vote on who would own Upper Silesia was held - Poland won
Germany lost 3/4 of there mines
Government complained
Germany and Poland fell out
4 years partialized success then went wrong
partial success for league
the Land Islands
date and what happened
1921
Sweden and Finland wanted the islands
Finland got the islands but not the forts
success for the league as they negotiated between the two preventing a war
Corfu
date and what happened
1923
Italians soldiers in Corfu
Mussolini invaded
Tellini was murdered by Greeks
LON told Italy off and had to withdraw troops
Greece had to pay compensation
success/failure - unfair
Bulgaria
date and what happened
1925
Greek soldiers killed on Bulgarian border
Greece had to pay compensation
LON called hypocrites as different reaction to the event in Corfu
although partial success as was obeyed
wall street crash
date and what happened
1929
American economy crashed
demanded all money loaned to other countries back
faith lost in governments around the world
failure for LON not enough power to do anything
people turned to extremist groups
Locarno treaty
1925
Britain, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Switzerland
if a country is attacked in the league they side with the country attacked
Germany being accepted allowed into LON again
Kellogg Briand Pact
1928
65 countries - USA + France included
bypasses LON and showed war was not away to solve disputes - meant to solve peaceful if in this pact
Rapalllo treaty
1922
Germany, Russia
renounced all finacial and territorial claims against each other becoming diplomatic friends
Washington arms conference
1921-22
America, Britain, France, Japan
army had to be proportioned to country’s size
naval army’s decreased especially
USSR start date
1922
dates if world war one
1914-18
Manchurian crisis
1931
south Manchurian railway exploded with Japan blaming China for the incident. Chinese denied it saying there soldiers were sleeping. Japan then took over with there Kwantung army. Japan citizens celebrated on the streets. Government not happy. Ex Chinese emperor was put in charge as a puppet rule.
1932 renamed Manchukuo
Manchurian crisis why did Japan do it
wanted to frustrate Russia
didn’t want to be kicked out of the mining industry
wanted control of the railway
close in proximity
chaos in China so good opportunity
LON and Manchuria crisis
didn’t want to get involved as Japan was a key member of the LON and many people believed it belonged to Japan anyway.
Shows uselessness of league
Abyssinian crisis dates
1934-35
Abyssinain crisis what happened
Italian soldiers launched attack on Abyssinia. arrangements were made to allow mussolini to invade.
italians bombed Abysinia villages which contained chemicals
in june 1935 Abyssinia addresses the league of Geneva
Many lost faith in the league as they did nothing
why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia
Didn’t believe Britain and France would object as there doing the same thing.
Abyssinia was rich in natural resources and good grazing land
Easy to branch out to neighbouring countries of abyssinia
Mussolini wanted revenge after launching atttack in 1896 and having a humiliating defeat
diddnt believe the LON was act as they did nothing when he attack Corfu. Did nothing when Japan did the same to China
how did the LON react to Manchurian crisis
refused to give guns and weapons to Italy.
however gas and oil would still be traded.
Britain and France signed in secret allowing Italy to invade was leaked to the news causing league to get backlash.
now not seen as a peace keeping organisation
what happened after Manchurian crisis
Mussolini left to join Hitler as an ally. as the league wasn’t able to stop them
how did Britain react to Hitlers foreign policies
wanted to do appeasement
didn’t want a full scale war
wanted communism stopped
Chamberlain policy - appease Hitler
how did USSR react to Hitlers foreign policies
wanted Hitler stopped
In LON
was a communist so didn’t like Hitler
how did France react to Hitler foreign policies
rebelling in France
Depression in France
Couldn’t afford a war
Focused on won problems
Allowed Germany to do what they want
how did USA react to Hitlers foreign policies
isolationism - stay separate from other countries
didn’t want a repeat of ww1
wall street crash and depression and unemployment meant they didn’t want to get involved
British public reaction to Hitlers policies
wanted to take a stronger stance
why did some british people agree with the chamberlains stance
wanted time to prepare and become organised
why did Stalin regard Britain and France as ineffective allies against the threat of Germany
wasn’t allowed to join the LON till 1934
how many people were unemployed after wall street crash in america
25 percent
what did Hitler do that reassured british politicians of his peaceful interventions
non aggression pact with Poland
why did other countries not react to hitlers foreign policies
fear of war
- diddnt want a repeat
-not enough money or resources
public opion
- diddnt want more deaths
own concerns
- starvations
-homelessness
-rebellions in france
-depressions
hitlers foreign policy
overturn the t of v
rearm Germany again
take Leben’s town
unite Volks Deutsch and
Anschluss with greater Germany
destroy communism
hitler aim
overturn the t of v
why and did it cause the war
wanted equality of rights and dealing with other nations.
no as it was going to be over turn eventually
hitler aim
rearm germany again
why and did it cause the war
make Germany great again
new jobs for Germans
not be seen as weak
Yes as able to start a war if they have an army
hitlers aim
take leberns town
why and did it cause the war
needed land for farming so people dont starve
land for animals
more houses
had to take land from a country
hitlers aim
unite Anschluss and Volksdeutsch
why and did it cause the war
more houses and land available
allies
yes as france doesnt want germany to have allies as they diddnt want them to have much power
hitlers aim
destroy communism
why and did it cause the war
believes there should be an order and heirachy in a country and should live the opposite to communism
where was the rhineland
situated between germany and france along the river
why did HItler want troops in the Rhineland
abolish the t of v. more land. wants his land back. secure western border.
timeline of Rhineland
1935 - France and USSR signed the Franco- soviet pact (help one if another is attacked)
1936 - sent troops into Rhineland saying he felt unsafe due to be surronded
why were german soldiers given flowers when they invaded the rhineland
no resistance
welcomed back
people felt that they belonged there
not part to French control anymore
only been 15 years since they lost the land
came on horses and bikes without many weapons
how did Britain react to invasion of the Rhineland
-unbothered
-felt germany had a right to defend borders
-depression hit britain hard
-not enough money
-already had to deal with abyssinia and italy
-most people thought it was theres anyway
how did France react to invasion of Rhineland
-not prepared too
-general election taking place so diddnt want to be accused of taking a war
- lots of the army was in Tunisia due to Abyssinia crisis
-french generals thought Germany was armed when they invaded
how did LON react to invasion of the rhineland
-insignificant and busy
-league was dealing with Italy and Abyssinia
-just dealt with manchuria nad japan
-only a small piece of land
could hitler have been stopped from invading the rhineland
yes as Hitler had told them to retreat if met with resistance
why were remilitarisation of Rhineland a significant step to world war one
- builds hitlers confidence
- believes he cant be stopped
- able to expand into austria easlier
- France and Britain started strengthening borders and intellingence and increacing drills
- italy and germany alligned sending weapons to spain to test military power
- france, britain and belgium alligned
non agression pact
1936
hitler wanted to sign with Britain but Britain choose France and belgium instead
spain and hitler
1936
war in spain - fascits vs republicans
hitler gave weapons for spain to test and help spanish government win
rome berlin axis
1934-36
by italy partnering with Germany they would have a friend in europe
triple alliance
1940
italy japan and germany
could not agree on the focous so only italy and germany in 39 then japan joined in 40
anti-comintern pact
1936
japan and germany would work together against communism.
cartoon ‘the goose step’ analyse
name for a type of nazi ,march used by troops in a parade means german peace.
goose standing on Locarno treaty showing its overthrown.
goose carrying olive branch shows he comes in peace
no weapons in hand peaceful.
nazi flag everywhere
how did austria react to anschluss
18 000 jews lived in austria whcich were attaked on the streets and forced to flee and sent to prison if caught.
others thought they would gain money resources and stability
how did Germany react to anschluss
able to gain properties and land back. Easier for germans and austrians to see each other dont have to go across a borer. nazi caused chaos to the land though
how did britain react to anschluss
most people saw them as the same countries so not too fussed.
Winston Churchill believed they should have negotiated rather then invading
how did france react to anschluss
already has its own problems
- government resigning
-rhineland taking back
-depression
so unable to do anythuing
how did Czecgoslovakia react to anschluss
fear as they suspected that they would be next
Asked Britain and France to help if invaded by Germany
britains policy of appeasment
they believed germany deserves a fair deal
not many british people actually wanted the war
how significant was the nazi soviet pact
able to invade more countries
people lost faith in the LON
turning to extremist groups like nazis
germany able to invade poland shared with nazi soviet pact
stalin and hitler strong duo although not liking each other good alliance to get through the war
stalin agreed due to wanting land without war
russia shows they trust hitler more then france and britain
declaration of war date
1939 september 1st
who declared war and why
war declared on Germany due to them refusing to withdraw troops from Poland
Britain and France ahd signed a treaty with Poland if they were invaded by Germany they woudl help
France and Britain in turn declared war after Germany had not left by 11 am
appeasment and starting ww2
oppurtunities to stop hitler were missed
diddnt want to repeat ww1
people lost faith in politicians
was treaty of versailus the reason for ww2
left germany with nothing
hitler wanted territory back so signed nazi soviet pact
wanted to reunite german speaking people
too harsh on germany
was nazi soviet pact reason for ww2
Hitler diddnt want a war on two fronts so doesnt with this pact
hitler backed by a different country ussr
allowed hitler to invade poland
germany and stalin united less people to fight against more to fight with
nazi soviet pact
1939
Ussr and germay signed a 10 year non agression pact
