geography Flashcards
natural hazard
a natural event that poses a risk to life and or property
natural hazard
weather examples
droughts
hurricane
snow
natural hazard
tetonic examples
volcano
earthquake
tsunami
natural hazard
biological examples
covid 19
black death
measels
natural hazard
geomorphological examples
landslides
river erosion
subsidence
tropical revolving storms other names
willy willies
typhoon
hurricane
cyclone
TEA of where are tropical revolving storms
trend - hurricanes across tropic of cance and typhoons, cycloons between tropics
example - indonesia and philipines
annomoly - american and west austrailia
where are hurricanes found
Mexico and America
where are cylones found
india and japan
where are typhoons found
philipines and indonesia
where are willy willies found
austrailia
where did typhoon Haiyan hit
Philipines
what date did Haiyan hit the philipines
8th november 2013
primary reactions to typhoon Haiyan
-1600 evacuations centres set up
-presiden requested air support
-1000 homes damged
8ndied when wall collasped in Tacloban
secondary reactons in typhoon Haiyan
-14 million effected
-snakes in buildings
20 billion cost to philipines
-people got malaria from the water
chloropleth map advantages
easy to see proximity to other places
chloropleth disadvantages
cant see real detail/ exact amounts
most affected place from Haiyan
cenral visayas
eastern visayas
two types of impacts
primary
secondary
two types of responces
immediate
long term
what were the responses before the storm Haiyan
before storm
- president televised warning
-evacuation centre set up in football stadium in the capital city
what were the responses years after Haiyan
years after
-expanding storm shelters
build back better
what were the responses months after the storm Haiyan
months after
-new storm warning created by government
-rebuilding roads and homes
-mangroves were planted along the coast as defence against the future storm
-government investigated a build back- better programme to ensure new houses were stronger and could resist typhoon
what were the responses straight after the storm Haiyan
straight after
-burying dead
-emergency aid flown-in food water and medical supplies
weeks after
-clean up
no houses built on the coast
what were the responses during typhoon Haiyan
during the storm
-hiding
-treating the injured in emergency medical centuries
-resource teams flew in
primary effects of typhoon Haiyan
-power lines destroyed
-airport damaged
-rice and sugar cane crops destroyed
-6340 people killed
-one million homes destroyed
secondary effects on typhoon Haiyan
-8 people were killed fighting over rice at a food distribution
-500 people died from drinking polluted water
-a year later rice prices rose by 10 percent because the crop had failed
economic effect
an impact affecting business eg financial cost
eye
the calm clear centre of a tropical storm
hurricane
a name used for tropical storms in some areas of the pacific ocean
landfall
when the centre of the tropical storm crosses the coastline
primary effect
an impact that occurs as a direct consequence
secondary effect
an impact rsulting from a separate effect
social effect
an impact affecting people
tidal surge
an abnormal rise in the sea level due to the fall in the air pressure causing costal erosion
track
the path of the storm
tropical
located between the topics of cancer and the cparicorn
typhoon cyclone
a serve tropical storm with winds speed excess of 120 km/h
typhoon
a name used for tropical storms in some areas of south east Asia
willy willies
a name used for tropical storms in Austraila
why is warmer seas a bad thing for stomrs
warmer seas means there’s more energy increasing the intensity of tropical storms.
where in philipines did typhoon haiyan hit
tacloban
strengh of typhoon haiyan
5
how many died in haiyan
6000
how many people were displaced in haiyan
800 000
how often do ice ages
250 million years
what era were the dinasours arround
jurrasic
what era are humans in
quaternary
why do glacial periods happen
tilt of the earth
super volcanoes
distance of sun from earth
how old is the earth
4.5 billion years
how many years ago was the trassic
200-250 million years ago
what era was mass extintion
creatareous
what era was coal formed by carbon
jurassic
what caused the dinosaurs extinction
meteros
reasons for global temperature change
sun spots
milankovitch cycles
volcanoes
how does sun spots effect global temperature
spurges of magnetic energy coming drom the sun which decreaces the amount of light and energy reaching the earth
how does milankovitch cylces affect the global temperature
earth orbits around the sun. distance tilt of the earth changing. ice reflects cold meausing we get trapped ina cycle
how does volcanoes affect the global tempreature
sulfur dioxide interacts with water causing acid rain. H2SO4 which cools the earth down. they can also form dust wich reflects and absorbs the light causin ice ages
what is Palaeozoic
ancient life
what is Mesozoic
middle life
what is Cenozoic
recent life
causes of greenhouse effect
energy
agriculture
deforestation
transport
economic impacts of global warming
- yields decrease
-shorter seasons of skiing less snow
social impacts of global wamring
-health in southern and eastern Africa may decline as malaria increaces due to being hotter for longer
-more deaths in Europe from heat waves causes griefs
environmental impacts of global warming
- wildlife decline as polar bears and seals disappear with the loss of habitats (ice burgs)
-Asia expects a 70 percent increase in areas which have a risk of flooding
bio energy defintion
uses the energy from the sun
geothermal definition
energy - uses natural heat from deep in the earth
wind energy defintion
uses the energy moving air currents
solar energy defintion
uses energy of sunlight stored in vegetation
hydroelectricity defintion
uses the energy running water
wave energy defintion
uses the energy of waves in the sea
tidal energy defintion
uses the energy of daily changing sea levels
how do you mitigate climate change
renewable energy
carbon capture
planting trees
international agreements
how does carbon capture works
- natural gas is burned at power stations
- carbon dioxide separated from other gases
- carbon dioxide stored under the northern sea
how do they get natural gas
drill down into the earth
pipes bring up the natural gas
mitigation defintion
how to prevent something eg global warming
climate change
is the weather developing over time getting warmer and colder
is planting trees or carbon capture or renewable energy the best way to mitigate climate change
planting more trees is cheaper and more accessible to everyone allowing more habitats for animals increasing bio diversity.
however carbon capture is quicker and one of them is equivalent to 40 million trees. although it is more expensive.
on the other hand renewable energy can be built in many different types of places - on top of houses or in the sea and is cheaper then carbon capture but more expensive then planting trees. its still effective but not as effective as carbon capture
where were the last three cliamte summits and dates
Kyoto -1997
Copenhagen - 2009
France -2015
who uses the most water per day
US
what was agreed at Kyoto climate summit
1997
5 percent reduction of fossil fuels - everyone agreed although Russia Australia and US ignored
what happened at the climate summit in Copenhagen
2009
cut emisssions, help poor and plant trees - although china diddnt sign
what happened in paris climate summit
2015
keep world increace 1.5 degrees
everyone set own goals
everyone agreed
where is high water stress
along the west, mostly north west eg Oban
Why is there high water stress higher up north of the globe
colder so more rainfall around the Atlantic ocean with low pressure winds
where is water stress in Uk
South east England
what is the water transfer scheme
transferring water between neighbouring regions so places which need water can have it
where does the water come from in transferring schemes
reservoirs
advantages of reservoirs and transferring water schemes
-large supplies of drinking water all year round
-able to have water all over the UK
-clean water
-scenic increase as people come to walk round the reservoir
-building more desalination plants
arguments against reservoirs and transferring water schemes
-destroy homes
-increace flooding risks
-influx in insects
how do reservoirs destroy homes
they build them where villages are so they get drowned and those people are given a small sum and forced to move out
what is the beast from the east where did it effect and when
primary and secondary effects
short and long term
2018
primary - 15- 20 cm of snow
70 mph wind
waves hit coastline
M80 stranded
secondary- gas deficit
nhs cancelled non important appointments
trains stranded
no power in homes
schools closed for three days
short term - army sent
community centres
Greggs gave free food
long term - snow ploughs
-death from cold
-met office looked at forcast
what is the big freeze when and where
primary and secondary effects
long and short term
2004
primary effect- deliveries delayed
7000 schools closed
salt put on the floor
secondary effect-
1.6 billion in repairs
starvation due to lack of food
short term
schools cancelled
road closure
flights cancelled
long terms
fund of farmers
stock piling incase it happens agian
types of crust
continental and oceanic
what is continental crust
less dense cant sink
older can be over 1500 million years old
permanent meaning it cant be renewed or destroyed
crust is thicker then oceanic up to 70cm thick
mainly made of granite
density is 2.6g/cm3
what is oceanic crust
mainly made of basalt
crust is thinner only up to 6km thick
crust is younger - few million years old constantly broken and remade again at the constructive and deconstructive plate boundaries
crust is denser and heavier therefore sinks below continental crust.
density is 3.0 g/cm3
constructive plate boundary
example of where
what forms and how
impacts
Iceland
shield volcanoes formed as oceanic plates drift away from each other the magma coming up to the top.
small earthquakes and eruptions form volcanoes
destructive plate boundary
examples of where
what forma and how it impacts
Japan
continental and oceanic plate boundary
oceanic plate boundary goes below continental into the subduction zone causing large and small earthquakes and volcanoes as magma goes up into continental volcanoes
collison zone
himalayas
two continental crusts collide and as neither can sink both are forced up into fold mountains
earthquake activity no volcanoes
conservative margin
Sandreas
two plates move sideways past each other - land is neither formerd or destroyed
can be violent earthquke no volcanic activity
L’Aquila Italy is it a HIC, LIC,NEE
HIC
what does LIC mean
low income country
what does HIC mean
high income country
what does NEE mean
newly emerging economy
when was L’Aquila earthquake
6th April 2009
where is L’Aquila on the Richter scale
6.3 Richter scale
primary impacts of L’Aquila earthquake
299pl killed
293 buildings damaged
80% of the town was destroyed
21.9 billion in damage
tourists also died
secondary impacts of L’Aquila earthquake
places zoned off
reduced tourism
farmers lost animals
landslides blocked roads
residents sufffered from PTSD
looting increaced
house prices increased due to less houses
how many people were made homeless from the L’Aquila earthquake
67,500
how many people died from the L’Aquila earthquake
308
after shocks of L’Aquila eartquakes
after shocks triggered landslides and mudslides that damaged more buildings
how many buildings collapsed from the L’Aquila earthquake
10 000 buildings many were significant and cultural
eg basilica of st Bernardino
L’Aquila earthquake immediate actions
- tents/shelter 30 000
search teams - france, switzerland, uk, austria and america
water and tablets 67 000 litres
food and army ration packs
L’Aquila earthquake short term actions
-mortgages and bills suspended
-free calls and delivery
-international aid
-living in railway trains
-checking houses
L’Aquila earthquake long term actions
-students given free transport
-discounts on equipment at school
-rebuilding homes
- scientists arrested for manslaughter (not reporting it) also had to pay money
L’Aquila primary
308 ppl killed
1500 injured
67 500 homeless
10 000 collasped
search and resue
tents in park and football stadium
medial teams
L’Aquila secondary
after schock- land slide and mud slide
students in uni decreaced
lack of housing - rents and mortgage increaced
places cordoned off toruism down
bills stopped
inspecting homes -dispalced till then
lost moeny in tranpsort industry as it was free
magnitude of nepal earthquake
7.8 Richter scale
death toll of nepal earthquake
8841
economic damage from nepal earthquake
5.15 billion
26 hospitals damaged
loss of farming and trading
tourism mimised
why do people live in areas with natural hazard
good lands
scenic interesting and historical
ancestors live there
dont believe anything will happen
advantages of living in iceland
beautiful
fertile
hot springs
exciting
geothermal energy
disadvantages of living in iceland
climate
lava
dangerous
earthquakes
water
expensive
what do small tremours mean
leads to one big earthquake
where do earthquakes along sandreas fault happen in m
140m and 310m
3 ps
predict
plan
protect
how do you plan for natural hazards
-hospital and emergency service drill
-using embankments to more lava flow away from property
-drop cover and hold on
-the big shakeout occurs one a year
-steel framed buildings
-flexible gas and water piepes
-hazard maps
-map to show areas at risk and important buildings
-finding all the fault lines and mapping them
how you predict natural hazards
-monitoring for small earthquakes
-using instruments to detect gases realeased by magma rising
- rubbber shock absorbers
remote sensing which detects changes in heat and land shape
analysing the extent of pass eruptions
radon gas increase as it escapes from cracks in the ground
-using strange animals behaviour as an indicator of earthquakes
-measuring increaces in gases dissolved in water
-monitoring foreshocks
-analysing earthquake recurrence intervals
how can we protect natural hazards
-fire resistant materails used including paint
-using embankments to divert lava flows away from property
-hospital and emergency service dirlls
-fire extingushers
-steel framed buildings that can sway during movements
-earthquake kit
-airbag foundation
-automatic gas shut off in all buildings
-maps showing risk areas
how is gas a good way to look for volcanic activity
looking at sulfur dioxide increace
how is hydrology a good way t look for volcanic activity
testing the water for smells
how is the ground used to test for volcanic activity
deformation and bulging on side of the volcanoe and cracks
geophysicial measurements. how is it used to test for volcanic activity
liquid magma in the ground
seismometers how is sit used to test for volcanic activity
mini tremours measuring
remote sensing how is it used to test for volcanic activity
look at most things
how should a building be in order to earthquake friendly
-open areas
-rubber shock absobers between foundations
-super structure
-reinforced lattice work foundations deep in bedrock
-pannnels on marble and glass flexibly anchored to steel and super sturucturer
-reinforced lift shafts with tension cables
population
how many peopel live in a certain area
