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Alevel PE > History of sport - Sport Pre-industrial and Post-industrial Britain > Flashcards

History of sport - Sport Pre-industrial and Post-industrial Britain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the feudal system:

A
  • It was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
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2
Q

5 Characteristics of Pre-industrial Britain:

A

1) Communications and transport was limited

2) Cruel or voilent existence were the norm for lower class

3) Upper class lived in comfort and luxury

4) Lower class worked very long hours

5) People lived in countryside/ rural areas

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3
Q

What is popular recreation:

A
  • The sport and pastmies of people in pre-industrial Britain
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4
Q

4 characteristics of popular recreation:

A

-1) Long working hours for lower; popular recreation activities were Occasional

2) Restricted to annual events in breaks in agricultural calendar

3) Limited transport available activities were local and specific to each community

4) Used natural resources available to them

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What is the feudal system:

A
  • It was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
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7
Q

5 Characteristics of Pre-industrial Britain:

A

1) Communications and transport was limited

2) Cruel or voilent existence were the norm for lower class

3) Upper class lived in comfort and luxury

4) Lower class worked very long hours

5) People lived in countryside/ rural areas

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8
Q

What is popular recreation:

A
  • The sport and pastmies of people in pre-industrial Britain
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9
Q

4 characteristics of popular recreation:

A

1) Long working hours for lower; popular recreation activities were Occasional

2) Restricted to annual events in breaks in agricultural calendar

3) Limited transport available activities were local and specific to each community

4) Used natural resources available to them

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10
Q

4 reasons why mob football becoming increasingly unpopular with local authorities:

A

1) Violent and unruly in nature

2) Led to injury or death in extreme cases

3) Led to damage of property

4) involved gambling/wagering

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11
Q

4 Characteristics of Real tennis:

A

1) Exclusive activity for the wealthy

2) Played to a high moral code

3) The wealthy had plenty of leisure time so was played often

4) Expensive, purpose build facilities using expensive specialist equipment

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12
Q

What is foot racing:

A
  • A form of competitive running/walking in the sensitive in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance. As time progresses it involved into pedestrianism/ race walking
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13
Q

What is a Patron:

A
  • A member of the gentry who liked after a lower class performer E.g. by arranging competitions for them to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer
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14
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - limited transport/communication:

A
  • Sport was localised
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15
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - Illiteracy/ uneducated:

A
  • Limited organization + simple rules + uncodified
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16
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - Harsh society:

A
  • Voilent + highly aggressive
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17
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - Seasonal time/long working hours:

A
  • Occasional + part or a festival occasion/annual
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18
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - Pre industrial/ pre urban revolutions:

A
  • Rural + simple + natural
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19
Q

Socio-cultural factor in pre-industrial Britain - Two Tier society/ feudal system

A
  • Gentry/ upper class activities were clearly separated from lower/ peasant class activities, based on the land
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20
Q

5 characteristics of popular recreation linked to 1780 festivals:

A

1) Rules were simple/unwritten

2) Events were local with people from neighboring villages

3) Occurred annually

4) Set in rural locations

5) Betting occurred

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21
Q

What is rational recreation:

A
  • These were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
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22
Q

What was the industrial revolution:

A
  • Occurred during the 18th-19th centuries. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class
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23
Q

5 Negative affects of the industrial revolution on sports and pastimes:

A

1) Migration for the lower classes into urban areas looking for work in the new factories being built - Led to the lack of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding

2) Lack of leisure time (could work for 12 hour shifts)

3) Lack of income (low wages so little spare income for leisure)

4) Poor health ( Bad living and working conditions which lead to poor hygiene, pollution, so they had little energy to play sports)

5) Lack of public provision (No access to private facilities and no personal equipment for the lower classes)

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24
Q

What is industrial patronage:

A
  • Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
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25
Q

4 Characteristics of rational recreation:

A

1) Respectability - Sport was non-violent in nature & emphasis on fair play

2) Regional/national/regular - Sport was competitive with winners & losers decided by competitions (watching Sunday football for middle class was popular)

3) Stringent administration & codification - Strict and complex written rules, set by NGBs

4) Referees & Officials - Were present to enforce the newly developed rules

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26
Q

What is urbanisation:

A
  • Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
27
Q

Problems caused by urbanistaion: Lack of space

A
  • In cities unlike the countryside, space was minimal and premium so led to the development of purpose built facilities (football grounds)
28
Q

Problems caused by urbanistaion: Large working class population

A
  • A large working class population that needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time
29
Q

Problems caused by urbanistaion: Loss of traditional sports

A
  • Many traditional working class sport such as mob games were banned in a civilized urban society, so there was a need for new sports to emerge
30
Q

How transport helped: Movement of teams/spectators

A
  • The development of the railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel for the players and fans alike, leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis
31
Q

How transport helped: Improved access

A
  • Nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national with leagues forming, involving clubs from across the country
32
Q

How transport helped: Cheaper travel

A
  • Train travel became relatively cheap an affordable which allowed the working class to follow their teams home and away
33
Q

4 ways improved communications helped:

A

1) Led to the improvement of reading and writing

2) Emergence of sport role models

3) Knowledge and awareness of sport improved due to development in printed media

4) People started to read match reports, information of fixtures & results

34
Q

3 ways the church influenced sport:

A

1) It encouraged social control - through civilized activities diverting people away from ‘less socially’ acceptable behaviors like drinking & gambling

2) The church provided facilities to play sport inside the church halls and on their playing fields. Church groups were formed and sport was a key part of their programs

3) The church organised teams set up clubs and organized competitions

35
Q

What is a philanthropist:

A
  • Kind, generous, middle class indivudals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide a better life amongst the working class
36
Q

What is codification:

A
  • The gradual organisation ad defining of the rules (for the actual playing of the sport but as well as the behvaiour of the participants)
37
Q

Emergence of middle classes in a 3 tier society: Codification

A
  • Development of strict rules by the ex public school boys & university old Boys formed by NGBs. Controlled sport and became key organizers via their administration experience
38
Q

Emergence of middle classes in a 3 tier society: Competitions

A
  • Developed via middle class involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/factories/church teams
39
Q

Emergence of middle classes in a 3 tier society: Public provision

A
  • Public facilities (baths and parks) developed by middle class philanthropists factory owners and church
40
Q

Emergence of middle classes in a 3 tier society: Increased leisure time

A
  • Factory owners gradually gave their workers more leisure time (half day on Saturday)
41
Q

What is the rise of the middle class:

A
  • Made money during the industrialization - factory owners, local government, doctors
  • Wanted society based on merit
  • Led the way reforming education, local government, welfare of the poor
42
Q

3 PRE-industrial factors affecting sport: Negatives

A

1) Wide spread illiteracy

2) Harsh violent lifestyle (limited law and order)

3) Very limited technology/natural resources

43
Q

3 POST-industrial factors affecting sport: Positives

A

1) Increased literacy rate and education

2) Emergence of the middle class (3 tier Society)

3) Development of the stream train + roads + newspapers

44
Q

What are Public school boys & University old boys:

A
  • Important role in the export of the ‘game ethic’ around the globe. Bound various people of the British Empire together
45
Q

3 ways NGBs help improve sport:

A

1) Developed teams & taught traditional sporting values in schools

2) Set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport

3) Developed church teams

46
Q

What is public provision:

A
  • Local council provision of facilities (sport/recreational) for the masses to participate
47
Q

Key information about Wenlock games:

A
  • Created by William Penny Brookes

.founded 1850 tp promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements

. rules were written and athletes came from all over the country

. had officials

. was a mixture of athletics, football, cricket, running, and hurdles

48
Q

What is Wenlock olympian games:

A
  • aimed at the lower class of Wenlock
  • featured early athletics events (mainly track and field events)
  • participation in outdoor recreation challenges - prizes offered for successful participants
49
Q

The development of NGB’s in the late 19th century:

A
  • Sport became more popular and wide spread
  • Maintain control of sport amongst middle/ upper class (exclusivity)
  • More national and international fixtures being organised
50
Q

Factors affecting NGB’s:

A
  • More clubs forming
  • Middle/upper class able to step up rules of eligibility to exclude the working classes from joining
  • No payments for players allowed - which excluded working classes from playing for a living
51
Q

What is an amateur:

A
  • A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
52
Q

3 characteristics of a gentleman amateur:

A
  • Respected member within society which a high status
  • Play sport to a high moral code (acceptance of rules)
  • Understand a referee is unnecessary
53
Q

3 positive impacts of amateurism for a gentleman amateur:

A

1) Wealthy

2) Lots os free time

3) High morality

54
Q

2 positive impacts of amateurism for a working class professional:

A

1) Working class

2) Committed to train and perform as well as possible

55
Q

What is a professional:

A
  • A person who plays sport for financial gain
56
Q

3 Positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on sport development:

A

1) Poorest members of society (working class) had to be paid a wage for time off work (the representing a factory team)

2) Created determination to succeed

3) Working class played for financial gain

57
Q

About Jimmy Forest - Blackburn Rovers (First professional)

A
  • Came from state education
  • Had low social status
  • Had very little wealth so needed financial compensation
  • Had very little free time to participate in sport due to long working hours
  • Viewed sport as a way out of poverty
58
Q

Key features of early 20th century amateurs:

A
  • High status
  • Controllers of sport
  • To performers
  • Highly moral
59
Q

The rationalisation and modern day development of association football:

A

1) Urbanisation - large numbers of people in one area meant a captive audience

2) More free time - Workers spent less time in the factories and more time available to watch and play Sports

3) More disponible income - Improved standards of living via higher wages given to the ‘working class’ enough money to spectate and travel to games

4) Improved transport - development of trains enabled fans to travel to watch ‘away’ games and increased regularity of matches

60
Q

Development of tennis: 21st century

A
  • upper and middle classes played real tennis - still played today
  • Lawn tennis - middle class invention suited to suburban housing and gardens with lawns
  • Lower classes excluded from participation by presence of walls and hedges
  • Woman were allowed to play - in isolation and if suitably dresses
61
Q

Factors leading to increasing female participation in tennis:

A
  • Invented alternative to real tennis ( kept middle class apart from working class)
  • Played in suburban gardens
  • Tennis allowed respectable mixing - good ‘social game’
  • Middle class could afford to buy their own equipment
62
Q

Rationalisation of modern day development of track and field athletes:

A
  • Industrialisation of society
  • Purpose built tracks
  • Walking & running races
  • Large number of people attend the events
  • Lower classes ran to make money (deemed professionals)
63
Q

What did the Amateur athletic association (AAA) do:

A
  • Formed by ex public school and ex university men who were gentleman amateurs
  • Withdrew the expulsion clause & opened up sport to everyone
  • Professionals became somebody who ran for money but not just for the working class
  • Track and field events was not deemed an acceptable activity for women (unladylike and unable to follow appropriate dress code)

Alevel PE (9 decks)

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