History of sport - Sport in Britain after WW2 Flashcards
How has modern day association football been developed:
- Wages increased from 4 pounds a week in 1900 to around 100 pounds a week
- Football has undergone a massive increase in commercialization linked to more media coverage via TV and the internet
- Messi + Ronaldo’s income has increased massively due to the ‘Bosman ruling’ giving freedom of contract to players and huge transfer fees being paid, particularly to a player ‘out of contract’
What is the Bosman ruling:
A European court of justice decision made on the 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. It allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union it effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contracts to another club without a transfer fee being paid
4 Key moments of the emergence of elite female footballers in modern-day sport:
1) 1972 The WFA launched an official England national team
2) 1991 The WFA set up the Women’s premier league
3) in 2004 the BBC broadcast the women’s FA cup final to an audience of more than 2 million
4) 2013-18 The FA published a plan called ‘game changer’ which included the development go the women’s national team as well as an increased media focus to promote the game via live coverage on the BBC
3 Socio-cultural factors positively influencing women’s participation in association football:
1) Women have more free time as the traditional domestic responsibility role has decreased for women
2) Equal opportunities as more sports are generally available to and socially acceptable for women, including football
3) Increased media coverage of women’s football by BT sport
3 Factors affecting the emergence of elite female officials in football:
1) FA respect campaign aiming to improve player conduct and behaviour towards all referees including women to try and increase recruitment and retention
2) General increase in equality in society and recognition of women’s ability to officiate football matches at highest levels of the game
3) Use of positive role models to encourage women to become football referees through to the highest level
Development of modern day lawn tennis:
- People discovered they could earn money using their tennis skills so professional tours and tournaments where established 1920s. However they remained strictly amateur with professionals excluded from the game until the Open era was established.
What was the Open era:
- When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money
How is tennis perceive today:
- Tennis is still perceived as a middle class sport this could be because it developed later than other sports or it may be due to joining a tennis club has always appeared difficult and they had to stick to a rigid dress code
Prize money within the open era:
- There was distinct inequality between he prize money available for men to win compared to women. In 1968 the male champion won 2,000 pounds compared to the women’s 750 pounds. Billie Jean King fought for equal rights and by 2007 both males and females won the same prize money
Emergence of elite female tennis players in modern day sport:
- The work of the WTA can help view how woman have played a significant part for females within sport.
- WTA developed their own professional circuit for women to provide them with opportunities to play at the top level.
- This provided many role models for younger girls as well as large sponsor deals via world wide media coverage4
Development of modern day track and field athletics:
- The interest in athletics was stimulated by the Olympics held in London 1948 but there was strict amateur rules of international athletics
- Trust funds were eventually established enabling athletes to safeguard their eligibility to take part in amateur competitions but receive financial rewards as an athlete
- Today there are no trust funds as payment can go straight to the athletes which is within the rules laid down by the IAAA now called the IAAF
Emergence of elite female athletes in modern day sport:
- Women in the late 19th century were still excluded from a number of Olympic events (marathon + triple jump + hammer throw)
- The myths of sport having an impact on a women’s child bearing capabilities are being challenged
What is media:
- An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
What is commercialization:
- The process of attempting to gain money from an activity E.g. Sport
What is sponsorship:
- When a company pays for it’s products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of it’s gods
