History of Medical Technology Flashcards
What year is this?
Hippocrates, father of medicine, and the author of Hippocratic Oath and Galen, a greek physician and philosopher, instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids.
300 BC to 180 AD
What are the four humors?
300 BC to 180 AD
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
Hippocrates advocated the tasting of what? And listening to what? And observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease.
urine
lung
He concluded that the appearance of ________, ________, and _______ in urine indicate kidney disease and chronic illnesses.
bubbles, blood, and pus
Galen describes diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”. It also established a relationship between?
fluid intake and urine volume
What time is this?
Uroscopy or water casting is widely practiced.
Medieval Europe
Physicians who failed to examine the urine were subjected to?
public beatings
What year is this?
The first book detailing the characteristics of urine is written.
900 AD
What year is this?
Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examinations of the patient’s body.
11th century
They relied solely on the patient’s description of symptoms and their observations in 900 AD. True or False.
False. In 11th century.
What year is this?
mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the insides of the body.
18th century
What year is this?
Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics.
19th century
Who made spirometer that is for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs?
John Hutchinson
Jules Herisson’s _________ for measuring blood pressure.
sphygmomanometer
Use of ________ was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis during 19th century.
chemistry
Onset of mechanical and chemical devices spurred the turn from general practice to specialization. Because of the?
increasing number of patients and the increasing amount of medical knowledge which generalists could no longer handle.
The need for medical technicians and __________ also increased.
data specialists
What year is this?
80 percent of medical professionals were non-physicians. This growth impelled the need for technicians to be proficient in the use of technology.
1969
All these resulted in increased diagnostic accuracy at the expense of?
closer doctor-patient relationship
What year is this?
Laboratories designed for analyzing medical specimens were organized by chemical experts.
Mid 1800s
What year is this?
Technical laboratories regulated by the Centers för Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to be used for medical diagnostics in the US
Mid 1900s
What year is this?
Improvements in basic sciences and integration of scientific and technological discoveries (i.e., electrical measurement techniques, sensor development, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic ultrasound) marked the advances in medical technology.
20th century
Medical technologies also made impacts on various?
surgical procedures
Further integration of technology with science ushered in new medical advancements such as?
the electron microscope, new medical imaging technologies, and prosthetic devices.
gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells.
Electron Microscope
The adaption of computers in medical research led to?
the development of tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Prosthesis such as? were also developed as a result of these innovations. (Electron Microscope)
artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels, functional electromechanical limbs, and reconstructive skeletal joints
Medical technology breakthroughs persist through? Where Medical technology has improved quality of life and increased life expectancy.
robotics, keyhole surgery procedures, genetic engineering, and telemedicine (information technology).
What year is this?
The University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories.
1895
What year is this?
John Kolmer called for the development of a method that would certify medical technologists on a national scale.
1918
Kolmer published __________ that included a description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology.
The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians
It was also the same year when the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have?
a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician.
What year is this?
The administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician.
1920
During 1920, clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to 5 divisions which includes?
clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology.
As clinical laboratories held more prominence in the _______________, the need for technicians and technologists that would assist physicians became greater.
delivery of laboratory tests
What year is this?
The _______________ (ASP) was founded with the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists.
1922
American Society for Clinical Pathology
ASCP also established the _________ for technicians and technologists stating that these allied health professionals should work under the supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral or written diagnosis and advising physicians on how patients should be treated.
code of ethics
The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science was originally formed as a subgroup of ASCR, helped in the?
recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals.
The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science is formerly known as?
the American Society for Medical Technologists
What year is this?
Medical technologists in the United States sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws.
1950s
What happened in 16th century in the history of medical technologist in the Philippines?
The Spanish Empire established Manila as their capital.
In 1565, the first hospital the Spaniards established, Hospital Real in Cebu, was moved to Manila to cater to?
Military Patients
Where is Hospital Real now?
Manila
In 1578 they built the San Lazaro Hospital for the poor and lepers, who are they?
The Franciscans
In 1596, this hospital was founded for poor Spaniards.
Hospital de San Juan de Dios
What year is this?
The center board of vaccination which started producing and distributing vaccine lymph
1806
In 1871, this hospital was founded in Cavite.
Hospital de San Jose
In 1871, they founded the University of Santo Tomas established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine. Who are they?
The Dominicans
In 1871, With the establishment of both health and educational institutions, journals of science and medicine were also published including the?
Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886)
the Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893)
Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895) (Anderson, 2006)
What year is this?
Provincial medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country.
1876
Who were the provincial medical officers?
Medicus-titu-lares
After 1876, it was followed by the establishment of what in 1883?
The Board of Health and Charity
Establishment of The Board of Health and Charity was then expanded in the year?
1886
The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established by the Spanish authorities in?
1887
Laboratorio Municipal de Manila is for?
for laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples although the laboratory was not adequately used in the study of outbreaks (Anderson, 2007; Cardona et al., 2015).
Philippine war hero, ____________, was employed as a chemical expert in Laboratorio Municipal de Manila and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies
General Antonio Luna
At the end of Spanish rule, structures of health care and public health were flourishing in?
major cities of the country
When did this happen?
The Spaniards who were considered to be authorities in medicine, started exploring the microbial causes of diseases.
By the end of 19th century
In 1898, Vaccine lymph had how many regular vaccinators (vacunadores) in Manila and other major town?
122
What year is this?
In replacement of the Spanish health system, the Americans established public health institutions modeled after military health care systems.
1898
After the fall of Manila, the Spanish Military hospital was converted into the First Reserve Hospital in 1898 by __________________ who was a chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps.
Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott
This hospital had a diagnostic laboratory but was not fully maximized when it first became operational due?
to its director contracting typhoid fever
___________, the successor, utilized the laboratory to perform autopsies and to examine blood, feces, and urine along with other laboratory services
Richard P. Strong
When did this happen?
However, advancements in medicine and health care during the Spanish colonial rule broke down because of the Philippine-American war
1899 to 1902
In 1901, The US government, through the Philippine Commission, established a Bureau of Government Laboratories under the?
Philippine Commission Act No. 156 (Anderson,2006; Planta, 2017).
The Bureau which was located in ________________ had a science library, chemical section, and serum laboratory for the production of vaccines.
Calle Herran (Pedro Gil), Ermita, Manila
The _____________ was designed to address and develop methods in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human and animal diseases.
biology laboratory
In the ___________ , food, plant composition, and minerals were investigated.
chemical laboratory
He is the bureau’s first director, who ensured that the biological laboratory would be equipped with adequate supplies and equipment such as incubators, sterilizers, microscopes, microtomes, stains, glassware, and chemicals.
Paul Freer
What is wrong in this sentence?
The main laboratory was composed of three stories and divided into three wings with rooms in the chemical wing having microscope tables by the windows. The rooms had enough space for general laboratory work and processes such as filtering, distilling, and heating.
two stories
two wings
biological wing
Each biological room had a chemical worktable with gas, water, and vacuums, The opposite wall had a hood with a flue extended to the attic. The biological wing’s floors all had incubators heated by?
Bunsen burners and refrigerating boxes (Anderson, 2006; Freer, 1902).
the building of Bureau of Government Laboratories was destroyed during?
World War Il
Presently, the ________________
occupies the area. (Bureau of Government Laboratories)
National Institutes of Health of University of the Philippines-Manila
With the reorganization of the Bureau of Government Laboratories 1905, the _______________ was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research (Anderson 2006; Planta, 2017).
Bureau of Science
The laboratory received over 7000 _____________, 900 ___________, and 700 _____________.
fecal specimens
urine specimens
blood specimens
The Bureau’s medical research and laboratory investigations were mainly focused on microbiology in connection with the onslaught of different diseases such as?
cholera, malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and dysentery.
When did this happen?
The civilian Board of Health established by the Americans was changed into the Bureau of Health (Planta, 2017).
At end of Philippine-American War
What year is this?
The Bureau worked with the Army Board for the Study of Tropical Diseases until the latter was disbanded.
1914
In 1914, the Bureau also focused on pathology while the board was intent on studying?
white foreigners’ physiology in tropical climates
In 1914, The Bureau of Science worked closely with the? Where became an active center for scientific research and instruction in the country.
Philippine General Hospital (PGH) and the University of the Philippines.
The biological laboratory of the Bureau diligently studied samples coming from across the country. Every day, scientists would study more than a hundred samples of body fluids to identify the?
racial bases of diseases through a map of the archipelago’s pathological terrain.
What year is this?
The Bureau was reorganized into the Philippine Health Service
1915
But later on reverted to the Bureau of Health. (After 1915)
1933
When did this happen?
The University of the Philippines College of Public Health formally opened its Certificate in Public Health program with the aim to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Service’s medical officers.
June 1927
When did this happen?
Japan attacked the whole of Manila through aerial assault and deployment of troops just ten hours after bombing Pearl Harbor. It was the beginning of the Second World War that resulted in massive casualties.
December 8, 1941
When did this happen?
Amid this turmoil, the Medical Laboratory unit of the US Army provided medical services with the available laboratory supplies, supplemental laboratory examinations, and epidemiological and sanitary investigations.
Second World War
The laboratory was also tasked to perform routine water analyses, examination of food supplies, distribution of special reagents and solutions, culture media, and investigation of?
epidemics and epizooties.
The unit also performed special serological, bacteriological, pathological, and chemical examinations, post-mortem examinations, and preservation of?
pathological specimens of value to the US Army Medical Department (WW2 US Medical Research Centre, 2018).
The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was established during World War I by the 6th Infantry Division of the US army at?
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila.
First clinical laboratory in the Philippines is now known as the?
Manila Public Health Laboratory (Cardona et al., 2015; Moraleta, 2012; Rabor, 2016; Suba & Milanez, 2017).
When did this happen?
The 3rd Medical Laboratory was the first laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA).
June 18, 1942
In 1944, When the US forces landed in _________, the laboratories including the 3rd, 5th and 8th Medical Laboratories and the 19th Medical General Laboratory were relocated to the ______________.
Leyte
West Pacific Area
In 1944, Added to the list were the 26th and 27th Medical Laboratories and the?
363rd Medical Composite Detachment
True or False. These medical units were merged but deployed separately as small detachments or mobile laboratory sections to military bases in different islands.
False. were not merged
The 19th Medical General Laboratory, 3rd Medical Laboratory, and the 363rd Medical Composite Detachment operated in Leyte, The 27th Medical Laboratory operated in ‘Tacloban and the 26th Medical Laboratory operated on?
January 9, 1945
In ______________, the only laboratory unit in Luzon for six months following the US invasion
Lingayen Gulf
When the US army left in _____________, the laboratory was endorsed to the National Department of Health and was non-operational until it was reopened in October of the same year by ____________ with the help of then Manila City Health Officer _____________.
June of 1945
Dr. Pio de Roda
Dr. Mariano Icasiano
After instituting the public health laboratory in Manila, Dr. Pio de Roda along with _______________, conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers.
Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
Later on, Dr. Sta Ana was asked to prepare a six-month formal syllabus for the training program with certificates for the trainees upon completion. _______________ joined the two later on (Moraleta, 2012).
Dr. Tirso Briones
The training program ended in ______ when the Bureau of Private Education approved a four-year course in Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology.
1954
In 1954, the Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) opened the first School of Medical Technology in the Philippines under the leadership of?
Mrs. Willa Hedrick, wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick
(1954) Soon after, MSH started its medical internship and residency training program which was affiliated with?
Loma Linda University in California
The ______________ in Baesa, Caloocan City (now Adventist University of the Philippines) absorbed MSH’s School of Medical Technology. What was left with MSH was the facility for its clinical division.
Philippine Union College (PUC)
___________ was the first graduate of the medical technology program. He later graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at the Far Eastern University (FEU) and became a successful OB-gynecologist in the US (Puno, 2014; Rabor, 2016).
Dr. Jesse Umali
What year is this?
University of Santo Tomas initially offered the Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students
1957
That Medical Technology was recognized as an official program in UST (Cardona et al., 2015)
1961
Year made and by who? Stethoscope
1816, by Rene Läennec
Year made and by who? Microscope
1840, by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Year made and by who? Ophthalmoscope
1850 by Hermann Von Helmholz
Year made and by who?Laryngoscope
1855, by Manuel Garcia
Year made and by who? X-Ray
1859, by Willhelm Roentgen
Year made and by who?Electrocardiograph
1903, by William Einthoven
Year made and by who? Kenny Method
1910, by Elizabeth Kenny
Year made and by who? Drinker Respirator
1927, by Philip Drinker
Year made and by who? Heart Lung Machine
1939, by John Gibbon
Year made and by who? Cardiac catheterization and Anglography
1941, by Andre Cournand
The father of microbiology; known for his work on the improvement of the microscope.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1660)
Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to small pox; Impact of contribution: Immunology
Edward Jenner (1796)
Identify organs by their types of tissues; Impact of contribution: Histology
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1880)
Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material–the beginning of bacteriology
Agostino Bassi (1835)
Louis Pasteur (1857)
Successfully produced immunity to rabies
Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants.
Gregor Mendel (1866)
Joseph Lister (1870)
Demonstrated that surgical infections are cause by airborne organisms
Robert Koch (1877)
Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later tubercle bacilli.
Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection.
Elle Metchnikoff (1886)
Introduced steam sterilization in surgery.
Ernest Von Bergmann (1886)
Karl Landsteiner (1902)
Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group systems.
Developed immunologic tests for syphilis
August von Wassermann (1906)
Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae
Howard Ricketts (1906)
Hans Fischer (1929)
Worked out the structure of hemoglobin
Jonas Salk (1954)
Developed poliomyelitis vaccine
Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory,
James Westgard (1973)
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980)
Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine
Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis (1985)
Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF)
Andre van Steirteghem (1992)
James Thomson (1998)
Derived the first human Stem Cell line
