ETHICS Flashcards
Who said this and what year? “Individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which may be logical (problems of reasoning), epistemological (problems of the truth), cosmological (problems of the universe), ethical (problems of morality), aesthetical (problems of art and beauty), or scientific problems (problem of science).”
Timbreza, 1993
problems of reasoning
logical
epistemological
problems of the truth
problems of the universe
cosmological
ethical
problems of morality
problems of art and beauty
aesthetical
scientific problems
problem of science
Deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as the foundation of moral beliefs.
Ethics
_____________ that guides how an individual should behave. These are rules provided by an external source.
Moral code
Ethics is different from morals. Because moral means?
it’s the individual’s own principle of what is right or wrong
This type of ethics means the general principle of morality
General Ethics
This type of ethics means application of your principles of general ethics
Special Ethics
Two types of special ethics
Individual Ethics
Social Ethics
Last type of ethics
Professional Ethics
MORALITY can be viewed in different perspectives — as a law, an inner conviction, as love, as personal growth, and as social transformation said by?
Donal Harrington
Nuances between ETHICS and MORALITY by?
James Gustafson (1974)
Theoretical prescription/critiques
Ethics
Based on the on the principles practiced by a particular community
Morality
A school of ethics anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture.
Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism is also known as?
“moral relativism”
Examples of Ethical Relativism
Religion. Some religious beliefs may be accepted by others and not by other individuals.
Circumcision. Here in the Philippines it is part of our culture where boys of a certain age need to be circumcised.
Being Vegetarian. In Hinduism they are practicing eating vegetables or being vegans.
Tipping off servers. In the United States it is mandatory to tip off servers while in Japan it is considered an insult if you leave tips for the servers.
A philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily.
Ethical Pragmatism
Pragmatism was coined by _________ and developed by ______________.
Charles Peirce
William James
Ethical Pragmatism can be used in?
decision making and moral reasoning
States that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their consequences.
Ethical Utilitarianism
Ethical Utilitarianism is founded by two English Philosophers. Which are?
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Who said this?
“Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness.”
Mill
What are considered in medical ethics?
The diversity, the decision making, and the compliance governance
Includes devices, sexual practices, or medications used or followed in order to prevent or reduce the chances of pregnancy.
Artificial Birth Control
Prevents fertilization of ovum by sperm cells.
Contraception
Two types of Contraception.
Barrier Method and Hormonal Contraception
Prevents implantation of blastocysts
Contragestion
T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent the implantation of the fertilized egg
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Chemical or surgical inductions of the developing embryo or fetus.
Abortion
“The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.”
Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
“The process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary.”
Euthanasia/Mercy Killing
By Herbart Hendin, 2004
example of it is withholding of medical treatment or life support which deliberately causes the patient’s death.
Passive Euthanasia
there are specific steps carried out to cause the patient’s death. Example: injecting the patient with lethal substances or by applying force
Active Euthanasia
Types of Euthanasia.
Voluntary Euthanasia
Non-Voluntary Euthanasia
Involuntary Euthanasia
It involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by society.
Genetic Engineering
A procedure that screens, chooses, and selects the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations. Usually done for early diagnosis of disease.
Genetic Screening
Techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery. People can control and prevent defective genes.
Example: Cosmetic surgery
Genetic Interventions
Make use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases.
Stem-Cell Therapy
Stem-Cell Therapy is Subject of controversy because of?
sources of stem-cells.
Stem-cells are the cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are created. They are also known as the master cells. Functions are the following:
Generate and repair damage body tissues
Grown to become a new tissue for organ transplant.
Sources of Stem-Cells:
Embryonic stem cells
Adult or somatic cells
Amniotic Fluid stem-cells
Deviation of the natural process of fertilization.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
This covers the philosophy of doing what is right.
ETHICS
This covers the morally accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
This serves as the guiding principle in the ethical practice of a profession.
THE CODE OF ETHICS
