History of Management Flashcards
What is scientific management?
Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job
Who was Frederik Taylor?
Scientific management - four principles and time studies
What is time studies?
Timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their job - adjusting pay on this basis
What are Taylor’s four principles of scientific management?
- Develop a science for each element of work
- Scientifically select, train, teach and develop workers to help them reach their full potential
- Co-operate with employees to ensure implementation of the scientific principles
- Divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and workers
Who were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?
Scientific management - Motion studies
What is motion studies?
Breaking each task to job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
Who was Henry Gantt?
Scientific management - Gantt Charts
What is a Gantt Chart?
A graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
What was Gantt’s training technique?
- A scientific investigation in detail of each piece of work, and the determination of the best method and shortest time in which it can be done
- A teacher capable of teaching the best method in the shortest time
- Reward both teacher and pupil when the latter is successful
What was Bureaucratic Management?
Fairness supplanted favouritism, goal of efficiency supplanted goal of personal gain, logical rules and procedures took the place of traditions or arbitrary decision making
Who was Max Webber?
Bureaucratic Management
What is Bureaucracy?
The exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise or experience rather than favouritism or personal or family connections
What are the elements of bureaucratic management?
- Qualification based hiring
- Merit based promotion
- Chain of command
- Clearly defined division of labour
- Impartial application of rules and proceudres
- All administrative decisions recorded in writing
- Managers separate from owners.
Who was Henry Fayol?
Administrative management - management functions
What is administrative management?
The success of an enterprise generally depends much more on the administrative ability of its leaders than on their technical ability
What are Fayol’s management functions?
Planning, organising, leading and controlling
What did Fayol mean by planning?
Determining organisational goals and a means for achieving them
What did Fayol mean by leading?
Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organisational goals
What did Fayol mean by organising?
Deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks and who will work for whom
What did Fayol mean by controlling?
Monitoring progress towards goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed
Who was Mary Parker Follet?
HR management - Constructive conflict
What is Constructive conflict?
Integration, not domination nor compromise
What is Integrative conflict resolution?
An approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
Who was Elton Mayo?
HR management - Hawthorne Studies
What did Hawthorne studies conclude?
Increased attention from management and the development of a cohesive work group leads to significantly higher levels of job satisfaction and productivity
Who was Chester Bernard?
HR management - Cooperation & acceptance of authority
What is meant by Cooperation & acceptance of authority?
Workers ultimately grant managers their authority
What is operations management?
Uses a quantitive or mathematical approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality and manage or reduce costly inventories
What are operations management techniques?
- Quality control
- Forecasting techniques
- Capacity planning
- Productivity measurement & improvement
- Linear programming
- Scheduling systems
- Inventory systems
- Work measurement techniques
- Project management
- Cost-benefit analysis
- Standardised, interchangeable parts
- Just-in-Time inventory systems
What is Systems Management?
Encourages managers to look for connections between the different parts of the organisation
What is the system in systems management?
Interrelated elements or parts that functions as a whole
What is a subsystem in systems management?
Smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system
What is synergy?
When two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart
What is the difference between a closed and open system?
Systems that can SUSTAIN themselves without/only being interacting with their environments
What is contingency management?
The most effective management theory depends on the context
