History of Management

Question 1

What is scientific management?

Answer 1

Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job

Question 2

Who was Frederik Taylor?

Answer 2

Scientific management - four principles and time studies

Question 3

What is time studies?

Answer 3

Timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their job - adjusting pay on this basis

Question 4

What are Taylor’s four principles of scientific management?

Answer 4

• Develop a science for each element of work
• Scientifically select, train, teach and develop workers to help them reach their full potential
• Co-operate with employees to ensure implementation of the scientific principles
• Divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and workers

Question 5

Who were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?

Answer 5

Scientific management - Motion studies

Question 6

What is motion studies?

Answer 6

Breaking each task to job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

Question 7

Who was Henry Gantt?

Answer 7

Scientific management - Gantt Charts

Question 8

What is a Gantt Chart?

Answer 8

A graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

Question 9

What was Gantt’s training technique?

Answer 9

• A scientific investigation in detail of each piece of work, and the determination of the best method and shortest time in which it can be done
• A teacher capable of teaching the best method in the shortest time
• Reward both teacher and pupil when the latter is successful

Question 10

What was Bureaucratic Management?

Answer 10

Fairness supplanted favouritism, goal of efficiency supplanted goal of personal gain, logical rules and procedures took the place of traditions or arbitrary decision making

Question 11

Who was Max Webber?

Answer 11

Bureaucratic Management

Question 12

What is Bureaucracy?

Answer 12

The exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise or experience rather than favouritism or personal or family connections

Question 13

What are the elements of bureaucratic management?

Answer 13

• Qualification based hiring
• Merit based promotion
• Chain of command
• Clearly defined division of labour
• Impartial application of rules and proceudres
• All administrative decisions recorded in writing
• Managers separate from owners.

Question 14

Who was Henry Fayol?

Answer 14

Administrative management - management functions

Question 15

What is administrative management?

Answer 15

The success of an enterprise generally depends much more on the administrative ability of its leaders than on their technical ability

Question 16

What are Fayol’s management functions?

Answer 16

Planning, organising, leading and controlling

Question 17

What did Fayol mean by planning?

Answer 17

Determining organisational goals and a means for achieving them

Question 18

What did Fayol mean by leading?

Answer 18

Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organisational goals

Question 19

What did Fayol mean by organising?

Answer 19

Deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks and who will work for whom

Question 20

What did Fayol mean by controlling?

Answer 20

Monitoring progress towards goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed

Question 21

Who was Mary Parker Follet?

Answer 21

HR management - Constructive conflict

Question 22

What is Constructive conflict?

Answer 22

Integration, not domination nor compromise

Question 23

What is Integrative conflict resolution?

Answer 23

An approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

Question 24

Who was Elton Mayo?

Answer 24

HR management - Hawthorne Studies

Question 25

What did Hawthorne studies conclude?

Answer 25

Increased attention from management and the development of a cohesive work group leads to significantly higher levels of job satisfaction and productivity

Question 26

Who was Chester Bernard?

Answer 26

HR management - Cooperation & acceptance of authority

Question 27

What is meant by Cooperation & acceptance of authority?

Answer 27

Workers ultimately grant managers their authority

Question 28

What is operations management?

Answer 28

Uses a quantitive or mathematical approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality and manage or reduce costly inventories

Question 29

What are operations management techniques?

Answer 29

• Quality control
• Forecasting techniques
• Capacity planning
• Productivity measurement & improvement
• Linear programming
• Scheduling systems
• Inventory systems
• Work measurement techniques
• Project management
• Cost-benefit analysis
• Standardised, interchangeable parts
• Just-in-Time inventory systems

Question 30

What is Systems Management?

Answer 30

Encourages managers to look for connections between the different parts of the organisation

Question 31

What is the system in systems management?

Answer 31

Interrelated elements or parts that functions as a whole

Question 32

What is a subsystem in systems management?

Answer 32

Smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

Question 33

What is synergy?

Answer 33

When two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

Question 34

What is the difference between a closed and open system?

Answer 34

Systems that can SUSTAIN themselves without/only being interacting with their environments

Question 35

What is contingency management?

Answer 35

The most effective management theory depends on the context