History of Management Flashcards

1
Q

Group Think:

A

informal groups-> subculture
Not always negative. You can have positive ones. The management theory looked at was the effect of the negative groups.

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2
Q

Pareto Principle:

A

80% of the effect or outcome comes from 20% of causes or work: Pay attention to that 20% for a more effective program. Focus on the 20.

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3
Q

Peter Principle:

A

promoting competent employee to a new job could cause person to be less competent => need to assure training at every level. As you move up in career, if the training isn’t appropriate, the employee will not be good at that job.

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4
Q

Medical model practice settings in OT

A

Acute hospital (medical or psychiatric)
Acute rehab
Sub-acute rehab
Home health
Nursing home
Free standing outpatient or outpatient at hospital
Private physician office

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5
Q

Medical Model: short term

A

includes history and physical, diagnosis, and treatment to alleviate or cure an underlying medical condition.

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6
Q

Educational Model:

A

services are aimed at adaptation and performance within the educational setting

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7
Q

OT practice settings in Education Model

A

School system
Preschool
Day Care
Early intervention home health
Early intervention outpatient clinic

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8
Q

Public Health Model:

A

achieve health of populations through
prevention of disease (prevention)
e.g., eating nutritious foods to prevent obesity and other-related diseases;
slow progress of disease to prevent disability and complications (secondary prevention)
e.g., people with high blood pressure exercising and eating well to forestall CVA; or
tertiary prevention used in advance levels of disease to limit disability and other complications
[e.g., energy conservation techniques to prevent stroke]

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9
Q

OT Practice Settings Public Health Model

A

Community Education
Health insurance company
Public health agency (CDC, APHA)
Underserved or high incidence
Private industry

Research
National Institute for Health

Not directly under and OT model

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10
Q

Community Model (Social Model):

A

longer term maintenance and episodic restorative services (health promotion and prevention of further decline)
clients with stable health conditions at risk from social isolation, reduced family support, physical frailty, or other similar characteristics
Focus is on social barriers to prevention (Scaffa, 2001)

not necessarily OT

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11
Q

Ot Practice settings community / social model

A

Senior center
Group home, independent living center
Retirement center
Sheltered workshop
Prevocational programs
Community mental health center

not necessarily OT

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12
Q

Challenges in US healthcare

A
  • Rising Costs
  • Emphasis on outcomes and accountability
  • Lack of services to meet specific needs
  • Imbalance in services available to different populations
  • Frequent advances in medical technology
  • Increase government scrutiny of practices
  • Increase public scrutiny of care available
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13
Q

Blue cross blue shield is

A

the first commercial insurance available started by roosevelt for injuries to worker on railroads.

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14
Q

Legislation under President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Term 1933-1945)

A

Ethical responsibility of an industrialized nation

First Modern Insurance Company (1930’s)
Blue Cross & Blue Shield

Roosevelt’s Economic Bill (1944)
Set forth fundamental social and political rights part of which was the right to health.
Health insurance Now an employee benefit

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15
Q

Healthcare legislation in the 40’s and 50

A

Hill-Burton Act (1946): promoted building hospitals & free-standing health facilities
later control over-growth and duplication of services (in 70’s and 80’s)

Taft Hartley Act (1947) Required Health benefits become a condition of employment
70% had health care by 1960

1950’s funds to encourage more schools for training medical personnel
focused on physicians

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16
Q

healthcare legislation in 60-70’s

A

1965: national insurance established
Medicare (for elderly)
Medicaid (for poor)

Based on Fee for Service (FFS)
Indemnity Plan: 80/20 with no limit to costs
= 80% paid by insurance company & 20% paid for by patient

1966: Allied Health Professionals Personnel Training Act
Funding -> increased number of OT Programs

1972: Amendment to the Social Security Act:
Drove focus toward professional standards review to monitor and control costs and quality of care

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17
Q

1970’s & 80’s Laws Changed due to spiraling costs of Fee For Service (FFS)

A
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18
Q

Medicare is for

A

elderly

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19
Q

medicaid is for

A

low income

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20
Q

medicaid and medicare is 80/20 - what does that mean

A

80% by insurance, 20% by patient. often 20 is picked up by the hospital.

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21
Q

medicare and medicaid is funded by whom

A

federally funded.

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22
Q

1970’s & 80’s Laws Changed due to

A

spiraling costs of Fee For Service (FFS)

seeing your primary before you see a specialists

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23
Q

Established Managed Care

A

Integrated delivery system between payor (insurance company) and care provider (physician or hospital)
Uses gate keepers
i.e physicians that limit referral to specialists or case managers that monitor and approve usage of services

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24
Q

HMO (Health Maintenance Organization):

A

Medical care provided ONLY within their network (often in same building) of providers or no coverage

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PPO (Preferred Provider Organization):
Provides better coverage if use their in-network list of approved providers; can see out of network (cost more)
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POS (Point of Service):
Can select between HMO and PPO style for each episode of service
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EPO (Exclusive Provider Organization):
Can only go to doctors/specialists in network or no coverage
28
Medicare/Medicaid Recipient can contract or the government can contract with a different insurance company to manage services
True but this Blurs the lines. Medicare / Medicaid recipient then follow rules of that insurance company i.e., Medicare managed by CDPHP
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1983: Amendment to Social Security Act Focused on
- change to inpatient hospital care costs - Due to rising costs with new technology - Many community hospitals closed
30
1986: PPS:
Prospective Payment System - Medicare began to look at controlling costs - Predetermined rate is set for treatment of specific illnesses in the hospital setting
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what is a DRG?
Diagnostic related group money is budgeted for the diagnoses. hospital gets paid per dx.
32
1986 Hospitals now paid for care based on DRGs DRG:
Diagnostic Related Groups 467 categories initially
33
patients ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases Problematic: Inpatient Psychiatric care - why?
because every person is different and often they need to stay longer than prescribed.
34
Prospective Payment System: Pushed for less emphasis on hospitalization…incentive to move patients out of hospitals as fast as possible. Encouraged expansion of community services:
Home health care Nursing facilities Hospice Subacute beds Designated psychiatric beds Rehab Beds Outpatient surgery Day treatment centers Outpatient therapy services
35
1986: Legislation in part expanded coverage of outpatient and rehab-based OT services by expanding funding for Medicare Part B What does A and B do?
Medicare Part A: inpatient hospital insurance Medicare Part B: supplementary medical insurance
36
1993: Clinton health care plan: FAILED to PASS Universal Health Care through a national plan Blocked by
lobbyists representing AMA and private health insurance companies
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1997: State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) (based on Hillary Clinton):
Program to cover uninsured children in families with too high of income to qualify for Medicaid
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1996 HIPAA:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (Clinton) Assures insurance coverage during times of employment change Gives small businesses insurance options Protects patient’s privacy rights regarding their medical record
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What is the impact of HIPAA on OT
OT impact: can’t leave charts out, charts locked at night, can’t talk to person about who you saw at clinic, can’t look in others medical records
40
HIPAA in 2008
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Passed in 1996, but not really enacted until 2008 amendment which included: Funding to enact legislation More specific language to ensure follow through Added Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Assuring MH and substance abuse coverage at the same level as medical/surgical coverage
41
1997: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Mandated service delivery in the school system Part B mandates special ed services to preschoolers (3-5 years) up to 21 years Also referred to as section 619 Part C mandates services for 0-3 years How did this impact OT
Large growth in OTs working in school and early intervention -> Previously mainly in residential housing programs for developmentally delayed/medically fragile children
42
2003: Bush Era
Medicare prescription Drug Act (D) HSA: Health Savings Account
43
2006: Massachusetts
1st state to require all adults purchase health insurance or face legal consequences
44
2007: Recession:
Resulted in reduction in employee provided health insurance
45
2008 NY: Child Health Plus & CHIP (federal) Provides children 19 years and younger affordable healthcare (above Medicaid criteria) Cost pro-rated based on income NY: 1992 Passed- but limited funding Federal: 1997 CHIP (Child Health Insurance Program) Federal program: matches states NY: 2008 Amendment increased eligibility & marketing What is the impact on OT
44% of children are covered by CHIP, 62 % by private (only 5% without insurance in 2021)
46
2008 HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Passed in 1996, but not really enacted until 2008 amendment which included: Funding to enact legislation More specific language to ensure follow through Added Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Assuring MH and substance abuse coverage at the same level as medical/surgical coverage
47
2010: “ACA” or “Obamacare
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Signed into law March 2010 Goal of full enactment by 2017 Requires most US citizens and legal immigrants to have healthcare coverage
48
2010 affordable care act - what were insurances plans no longer able to do
Insurance plans were no longer able to deny based on previous illnesses or conditions.
49
AOTA main role in OT?
Monitors Insurance Legislation and Policies
50
A review of individual ACA Marketplace plans revealed:
Many (all but 9%) comply with describing the essential health benefits related to rehabilitative care and habilitative services as a benefit OT not always listed when describing Rehabilitation or Habilitation care Potential limits on services as many unclear about number of visits allowed
51
2017: American Health Care Act (AHCA)
Put forth by Trump administration Failed to pass GOP (Republican Congress) considering ways to make changes without repealing ACA Successful at repealing mandate requiring all to have health insurance
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Goals: AHCA Would: (failed to pass)
Increase tax credits Reduce number who are eligible for Medicaid Obamacare rose to 138% of poverty line Require a person to work if receiving Medicaid except pregnant, disabled, or student Not fund abortion Stabilize state insurance markets Create grants for opioid crisis
53
2018 Bipartisan Budget Act
Repealed Medicare Caps limit on how much outpatient care monies could cover OT/PT/SLP Changed the Home Health Care Payment eliminating some basic thresholds that needed to be met Changed OTA reimbursement to only 85%
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How does Health Care Legislation and the populations demographics affect where OT’s work?
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Accessible:
OT provides culturally responsive and customized services
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Guideposts for Centennial Vision 2025 Collaborative:
OT excels in working with clients and within systems to produce effective outcomes
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Guideposts for Centennial Vision 2025 Effective:
OT is evidence-based, client-centered, and cost –effective
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Leaders:
OT is influential in changing policies, environments, and complex systems.
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