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Geog320Crtgphy > History of Cartography - East to Modern > Flashcards

History of Cartography - East to Modern Flashcards

1
Q

How did cartography develop separately from East to West

A
  • Cartography moved forward in East, notably China, while it moved backwards in the West
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2
Q

When and what event put China on western maps?

A
  • 13th century
  • Marco Polo’s voyage to China
  • Development of East and West began to merge
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3
Q

Shang Dynasty

A
  • 1st concrete evidence of map in 200BC

- Probably goes back further than that

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4
Q

5th Century China

A
  • Divided into 8 territories
  • Each had a governor, tax purposes
  • Mandatory inventory of soil types, growth potential, water ways, transportation
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5
Q

11th Century China

A
  • Well developed topographic series
  • Reference grid, etc.
  • Grid so well designed it served for 100’s of years
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6
Q

When was evidence of 1st printed map?

A
  • 1155CE

- Predates western printing by 300 years

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7
Q

Pei Hsiu

A
  • 224 - 271 CE
  • defined mapping principles based on a scale and a grid to determine measurements of distance, direction , area, and height
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8
Q

Chu Ssu-Pen

A
  • 1273 - 1337 CE

- Established Chinese mapping traditions that lasted well into 19th century

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9
Q

Map of China and Track of Yu

A
  • 1137
  • Carved in stone
  • 1m square
  • Rectangular grid with scale of 100 Li (Chinese miles) per division
  • Shows cities and rivers
  • Grid and scale 100’s of years before Europeans
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10
Q

What role did Jesuits play in East meets West cartography?

A
  • Jesuits (researchers/scientists of church) set up residence in China
  • Facilitated knowledge exchange between Europe and China
  • Brought Chinese map knowledge to Europe
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11
Q

When did independent cartographic development end and East and West merge?

A

16th century

- Distinctions between cartographies ended

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12
Q

What was the significance in East meets West cartography in 13th century?

A
  • Released shackles from church

- Became more about money and trade

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13
Q

Portolan Charts

A
  • Emerged after East met West
  • Navigational compass rose
  • Parchment (sheep skin, still using local materials)
  • Oriented to magnetic N
  • Colour coded
  • Accompanying the Rutter, sailing directions
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14
Q

Why did cartography break from the church in the 13th century?

A
  • Emergence of trade revival

- Rise in merchant class wanting more coastlines and routes

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15
Q

Where were some of the 1st cartographic power houses located?

A

Portugal and Spain

- Catalanian Mapping

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16
Q

Carte Pisane (Pisa Map)

A
  • 14th century
  • Oldest surviving marine chart
  • Drawn on parchment
  • 1st map with scale
  • Network of Rhumb lines (constant bearing) from 2 central points
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17
Q

Routier Maps

A
  • Rhumb lines of constant bearing for sailing using compass headings
  • Rutter maps
  • Begin to have N arrow for magnetic N
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18
Q

Catalan Atlas

A
  • 1375
  • Chart of the Mediterranean
  • Stylized versions of major cities with flags
  • 1st Compass rose
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19
Q

Renaissance

A
  • French for ‘rebirth’
  • 1400-1527 was beginning of age of discovery
  • New spirit and attitude towards knowledge and understanding
  • Revival in art and architecture
  • Developments in technology
  • Growth in exploration and discovery
  • Dramatic developments in Cartography
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20
Q

When did the Turkish Empire expand west and what did it bring back to Europe?

A
  • 14th Century

- Scientists fleeing ahead of Turkish brought Ptolemy’s Geographica retranslated to Latin

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21
Q

Reemergence of Geographica

A
  • 1405
  • Brought back to Europe by fleeing scientists
  • Translated from Latin to Greek, to Arabic back to Latin
  • Became new base of knowledge
  • Still more advanced than Dark Ages Europe even after 1000 years
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22
Q

Magellan

A

1st circumnavigation of globe

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23
Q

Why did explorers set out to map coastline?

A
  • To find a western spice route

- Trade

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24
Q

Columbus

A

‘Discovered’ ‘New World’ in 1492

  • Inhabited 10,000’s of years before ‘discovery’
  • ‘New World’ was heavily impacted by Europeans
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25
Q

Cabot

A

‘Discovered’ New Found Land in 1497

- Vikings there first, First Nations inhabited for 1000’s years before

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26
Q

Casco de Gama

A

1st to round Cape of Good Hope, India

- 1498

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27
Q

Henry the Navigator

A
  • Job was to find stuff
  • Funded by Prince of Portugal
  • Control and Power, imposing culture on what was ‘found’
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28
Q

Mercator

A
  • The Graticule
  • Triangulation
  • Accurate Navigation
  • Imprisoned for Heresy for 7 months
  • Projection still used today
  • His friend made 1st Atlas
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29
Q

What is the Atlas named for?

A
  • Greek Titan/God
30
Q

Ortelius

A
  • Made 1st Atlas
31
Q

When did the printing press and engraving techniques revolutionize map making?

A

1450

- Before the 15th century all maps were hand drawn or hand copied

32
Q

What diminished the power of Catalonian (Spain and Portugal) mapping?

A
  • The growing power of Holland and dutch explorers
33
Q

What are 3 major cartographic houses in Europe that are still there?

A
  • Mercator
  • Blaue
  • Hondius
34
Q

When did deliberately misleading and hoax maps become prevalent?

A

15th century

35
Q

Splendid mapping

A
  • Embellishment of unknown areas
  • Cartouches
  • Cartography as art
  • Masterpieces
  • Globes
  • Many job opportunities for cartographers in 15th-16th century
  • May have been art, but still a power object
36
Q

Cartouche

A

Ornate designs to enclose title, author, map scale

37
Q

When (approximately) was the invention of the graticule and map projections? (more when they became accepted and prevalent)

A

Mercator 1579

38
Q

Canton World Map

A
  • 1502
  • Secret Portuguese map
  • Stolen and smuggled to Italy
  • Give rival countries more info for military, power and control
  • Earliest nautical chart to show certain places at their latitudes
39
Q

Why were maps stolen?

A
  • To gain power and control

- Military or trade advantages

40
Q

Zeno Brothers (Antonio and Nicolo)

A
  • Venetian merchants 1380
  • Sailing chart of the Northern voyages
  • Printed in 1558
  • Shows Greenland, Iceland, Norway and some made up Western Atlantic islands
  • But, technology (marine chronometer) didn’t exist to get that accuracy
  • Hoax!!!
41
Q

Vinland Map

A
  • Believed to be from 1440
  • But actually from 1965 with inks produced after 1920
  • Featured remarkably accurate rendition of Greenland and Vinland, the land Lief Ericsson discovered
  • Would have been 1st document referring to Norse discoveries in NA
42
Q

Fra Mauro’s World Map

A
  • 1459
  • 2m diameter
  • Last circular mappa mundi
  • Very accurate despite circular distortions
  • Made by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro for the King of Portugal
  • 1st mention of Japan (Zipangu)
  • Increased knowledge from trade and connection of East to West
  • More islamic than Ptolematic
43
Q

Ulm edition of Ptolemy 1486, world map

A
  • Ptolemy overestimated East-West extent of old world by 55 degrees
  • Error accepted by Columbus and used to justify West route to Far East
  • 1st map to show meridians and parallels
  • Can be called 1st scientific map
44
Q

Map by Juan de la Cosa, 1500

A
  • 1st printed to show ‘New World’ in the west

- Authored by Spanish mariner who sailed with Columbus in 1492-1493

45
Q

Emergence of the great Atlases

A
  • 16th century: Saxton, England, Ortelius, Mercator
  • 17th century: Hondius Atlas Major
  • 17th century: Blaeu’s Grand Atlas
46
Q

What was the advent of Geodesy?

A
  • French Academy of Science

- Focus on precision in navigation, geodesy

47
Q

Who debated/proved that the earth is not a perfect sphere?

A
  • Newton found Earth is an oblate spheroid that bulges in center
  • Debated with Cassini Brothers
48
Q

What was the 1st country to survey the entire country?

A
  • France
  • Took ~50 years in 18th century
  • Scale of 1:86,400
49
Q

Who invented the Chronometer and what is the significance?

A
  • John ‘Longitude’ Harrison
  • Made spring based clock that works at sea to measure longitude precisely
  • Had to make 3 b/c gov’t didn’t want to give out prize and kept increasing precision to make it more difficult
50
Q

Introduction of Standard Metric

A
  • French Academy
  • 1791
  • 1m defined as 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole
  • Slowly became world standard
51
Q

When was the rise of Thematic Mapping?

A
  • 19th century with development of statistics
  • Parallels division of science into sub-disciplines and social sciences (earth, behavioural, life sciences)
  • Social sciences need thematic maps to communicate findings
  • Classic example, Minard
  • before most maps were topographic
52
Q

Early thematic maps and 2 examples

A
  • 1 variable
  • 1701, Edmond Halley’s isogonic chart chowing variation of compass
  • 1837, Harness’s map of passenger movements around Dublin to help locate railway
53
Q

When was the foundation for modern cartography laid, and when did it develop and advance?

A
  • Foundation: 18th century
  • Developed: 19th Century
  • Advanced: 20th Century
  • Challenged: end of 20th Century
  • Further Opportunities and Challenges: 21st Century
54
Q

When did cartography 1st reach professional status? Heydays of cartography? Glory days of cartography?

A
  • Professional: 15th century
  • Heydays: 17th century onwards
  • Glory Days: War times
55
Q

What was a major technological revolution in late 15th century?

A
  • Beginning of mechanical revolution
  • Application of optics and mechanics
  • Printing revolutionized map reproduction
56
Q

What was a major technological revolution in the 19th century?

A
  • Photo-chemical lithography/photography
  • Data capture
  • Advances production, reproduction, printing
57
Q

What are famous examples of Minard’s thematic maps?

A
  • Flow maps (Napoleonic)

- Pie charts on maps

58
Q

TN Hibbens and Co. Map of Victoria 1872

A
  • Has colours

- North not at top but North arrow does point North

59
Q

D R Harris map of City of Victoria 1884

A
  • Cartouches (map junk)
  • Insets
  • Revised and corrected from the ‘best authorities’ (who are they?, Kind of a cop out)
60
Q

TN Hibbens and Co. Map of Victoria 1890

A
  • Thick blue coast outline

- Cross hatch detail to give impression of relief

61
Q

What new map-publishing houses emerged in the 20th century?

A
  • Bartholomew, UK
  • Justus Perthes, Germany
  • Rand McNally, USA
62
Q

What was the major division in cartography in 20th Century?

A
  • Topographic
  • Thematic
  • Friendly and collaborative split
63
Q

What are some points on the development of cartography in the 20th century?

A
  • Impact of aerial photography and remote sensing
  • Discovery of magnetic N
  • Emergence of new publishing houses
  • Division of cartography into 2 sub-fields
64
Q

How does Rand McNally combat plagiarism of their work?

A
  • Put fake streets and/or names on maps
  • Protects them in court for copyright battles
  • Purposeful mistakes that only they could make and indicate if someone has copied their work
65
Q

What was a major electronic revolution in the 20th century and how did it influence cartography?

A
  • The web
  • Altered map design, distribution, and access
  • Duplicate all analog processes electronically
66
Q

21st Century professional organizations

A
  • Canadian Cartographic Association, CCA
  • NACIS
  • CIG
  • International Cartographic Association, ICA
67
Q

Cartography in 21st century

A
  • More electronic
  • Web based, interactive
  • Democratization (but allows for terrible maps with bad science and design by inexperienced people)
  • Professional organizations
68
Q

Contemporary cartographic paradigm shift

A
  • Representation to Visualization
69
Q

Representation Paradigm

A
  • Map is the end product

- Database - Analysis - Results - Map

70
Q

Visualization Paradigm

A
  • Map is a stage in the process, only part of what is happening
  • Database - Map - Analysis - Map - Result - Map - Analysis - Map - Result…..
71
Q

What are some contemporary areas of interest?

A
  • Exploratory spatial data analysis
  • Visualization
  • Multimedia
  • Geospatial data infrastructure
  • Web cartography (interactive, non-static)
  • Community mapping
  • Democratization (Google Earth, etc.)
  • Power and Maps
72
Q

Where is mapping going from here (current)?

A
  • Mapping cyberspace (internet)

- Mapping beyond Earth for non-spherical worlds (lines of lat and long won’t be the same)

Geog320Crtgphy (10 decks)

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