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Geog320Crtgphy > History of Cartography - Early Maps > Flashcards

History of Cartography - Early Maps Flashcards

1
Q

To understand the present and think about the future we must….

A

Have knowledge of the past

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2
Q

Purpose and usage of maps have changed through time. What are some recurring themes in maps

A
  • Representation/communication of land related information
  • Navigation
  • Taxation
  • Military
  • Planning
  • Inventory
  • Empowerment and influence
  • Education
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3
Q

How has the purpose/usage of maps changed through time?

A
  • Went from showing whats there, to military, to education
  • Hand-drawn to printed
  • Colourless to colourful
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4
Q

What was the role of ‘old’ maps?

A
  • Decorative objects of antiquarian interest
  • Repositories of information
  • Sources for the reconstruction of past events or landscapes
  • Important artefacts reflecting the development of science and technology
  • History and development of geographic thought
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5
Q

Early record of maps

A
  • Little evidence
  • Early maps easily destroyed
  • Drawn in sand or mud
  • Made of decomposing material
  • Deliberately destroyed on conquest (strategic, Library of Alexandria)
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6
Q

What is the importance of a craved map?

A
  • Petroglyphs carved for permanency, signifies importance

- Took much effort and tools to create

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7
Q

How long ago were people making pictorial representations of our world?

A

~50,000

- Cave art, pictographs, petroglyphs

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8
Q

When was the Seradina Petroglyph made?

A

~2500BC

“Map of Bedolina”

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9
Q

When did pictorial representations begin to show spatial relationships and what are the examples?

A
  • 3500BCE Maiskop Vase

- 600BCE Babylonian tablet

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10
Q

What is the Babylonian World Map (600BC)?

A
  • Oldest surviving world map
  • Carved on a clay tablet
  • Very symbolic, religious, world view
  • Missing Persians and Egyptians even though they were known to the Babylonians
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11
Q

What does it mean that the Persians and Egyptians were left off the Babylonian World Map from 600BC?

A
  • Indicates silences and that silences have been around for as long as maps have
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12
Q

What is the Relief map of the Crown Prince Islands, Disco Bay Greenland?

A
  • Map made on sealskin
  • Carved rocks for relief
  • Used for navigation
  • Disposable, but important
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13
Q

What is the Marshall Islands ‘Stick Chart’

A
  • Arrangement of sticks indicated patterns of swells or wave masses caused by winds
  • Islands marked by shells or corals
  • Polynesian navigation
  • Only the maker could fully interpret
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14
Q

What is the benefit of using a wooden map?

A
  • If it falls overboard, it’ll float!
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15
Q

Why were there no graticules or grids in the first maps? Why did early mapping assume a flat earth?

A
  • Only familiar with small area, not entire globe
  • Mapped what they knew well and what was important
  • Didn’t need projections
  • Gave idea that world was flat
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16
Q

What determined older maps creation?

A
  • Local necessity, needs, and materials
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17
Q

Hecataeus c. 500BCE

A
  • Map of mediterranean and surroundings
  • Circumference of map is labelled as ocean because the rest was unknown
  • Well done for technology of the time
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18
Q

Who were the people to change view of world from flat to round?

A
  • Greeks (Thinkers, scientists)

-

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19
Q

Erathostenes

A
  • 250 BCE
  • Measured circumference of earth with a stick, a well, and a shadow
  • Only off by 1.5%
20
Q

Aristotle

A
  • 350 BCE
  • Ship and horizon argument
  • Hinted Earth was not flat
  • Position of Polaris walking from N to S
21
Q

Ptolemy’s Geographica

A
  • 90-160 CE
  • Series of books and maps
  • Writings on all geography, including cartography
  • Potentially 1st GIS linking spatial attribute tables to places
  • Lost for 1000 years
22
Q

Ptolemy’s world map

A
  • Map of Mediterranean and surrounding areas
  • Accurate, not precise
  • used projections and degrees
23
Q

Ptolemy

A
  • Writings on all geography, including cartography
  • Started to build projections
  • Developed gazetteers
24
Q

What happened to Ptolemy’s Geographica?

A
  • Mostly destroyed by church, no actual maps survived
  • Lost for 1000 years during Dark Ages
  • Some preserved by Arab scholars and scientists that fled from Europe
  • Resurfaced in Renaissance and was still ahead of its time
  • Maps redrawn by monks from Ptolemy’s works
25
Q

Who and what were Ptolemy’s Geographica influential to?

A
  • Columbus
  • Colonial Expansion
  • Led to reconstructions of the maps that profoundly influenced the cartography in Europe during the Renaissance
26
Q

What was the Romans influence on Cartography?

A
  • Drive was conquest and administration
  • Surveyors more than cartographers
  • Had survey equipment for perfect lines and 90 degree angles
  • Techniques is same today, only technology has changed
27
Q

What is a Groma?

A
  • Roman Surveying instrument
  • Vertical staff with horizontal cross pieces mounted on a bracket
  • Each cross piece has a plumb line and plumb bob
  • Purpose was to survey straight lines, squares, and rectangles
28
Q

Tabula Peutingeriana

A
  • Roman road map on a scroll
  • Can be unrolled at any point
  • Relative location is best characteristic
  • 7.5m long, 30cm wide
  • Scale of building size relates to settlement size
  • Roads as straight as possible
  • Demonstrates Roman power and control
29
Q

What is a benefit to the Tabula Peutingeriana model of road map?

A
  • Unrolling is more efficient than flipping pages around like modern road map booklet
30
Q

Why did the Roman empire fall?

A
  • Empire became to big to administer in 5th century

- Contained too many non-roman conquered people within

31
Q

Mappae Mundi

A

Roman circular maps of the known world

32
Q

Why did the Babylonians use a base 60 model?

A
  • 60 is easily divisible and multipliable
  • Good/easy for trade
  • Used for degrees of circle, long and lat, etc.
33
Q

What changed in the Dark Ages?

A
  • Became Holy Roman Empire and church took control
  • Church made science to fit doctrine
  • World was flat in doctrine, not actually thought of as flat
  • People didn’t move as much, travel difficult
  • Era of threat, horizons closed in, poor communications
  • Maps became more local
34
Q

Mahmud al-Kashgari map

A
  • 1074 world map as viewed y Turkish mapmaker Kashgari
  • East on top, Mountains red, Sand yellow, Rivers grey-blue
  • Mountains in centre represent heart of Asia
35
Q

Who kept scientific cartography growing in the Dark Ages?

A
  • Arabic scholars who retained Ptolemaic principles

- Idrisi is a famous example

36
Q

Tabula Rogeriana

A
  • Drawn for Roger II of Sicily
  • World map 12th century by Idrisi
  • Masterpiece of late Islamic cartography
  • Abundance of detail and clarity surpasses all of its medieval predecessors (Christian and Muslim)
  • Climatic zones outlined
  • South at top of map
37
Q

Why was north not at the top of early maps?

A
  • Maps were more localized and didn’t need a global scale or orientation
  • North simply wasn’t important, maps were oriented by what was important
38
Q

Hereford Mappa Mundi

A
  • Biggest extant medieval map
  • 158cm by 133cm
  • T in O map
  • East on top, centered on Jerusalem
  • Biblical events, Mythical events, in geographic locations
39
Q

What is the translation of Mappa Mundae

A

Cloth World

- Map = Cloth

40
Q

What was the purpose of many maps in the 12th-ish century and who commissioned them?

A
  • Purpose was interest and administration, not navigation
  • Commissioned by royals and novels who had their own cartographers
  • Power and control theme again
41
Q

T in O map

A
  • Mediterranean is vertical part of T
  • Don and Nile rivers are the T crosspiece
  • T centered on Jerusalem
  • T represents crucifix
  • Whole is inside circular ocean O
  • East is on top, where Heaven/paradise is
42
Q

What was happening to cartography in Europe during the Dark Ages?

A
  • A slow regression from the Roman and Greek attempts at accuracy to abstraction
  • Back to Flat Earth, but only in doctrine
  • Went from scholarly contemplation of projections and measurement to representing Earth as a graphic, not a map with Heaven at the top (the East)
  • T in O maps, interpreted through Scriptures
43
Q

What results from hand copying of maps over and over again?

A
  • Mistakes that become thought of as truth because eventually the same mistake ends up on everything
  • Some mistakes were purposeful in order to enforce doctrine
44
Q

Map by Isidore of Seville

A
  • T in O map
  • 12th century
  • East at top
  • 3 continents are identified by Noah’s 3 sons (Europe with Japheth, Africa with Ham, Asia with Sem)
45
Q

Ebstorf Mappa Mundi

A
  • Simple circular world map
  • Destroyed in WWII air raid
  • Measured 3.5 square meters
  • Biblical stories placed in geographic locations
  • Religious Doctrine
  • Oriented to east
  • Center design depicts Resurrection in Jerusalem
  • Head of Christ at top, feet at bottom, hands at the sides
46
Q

Bunting Clover Leaf Map

A
  • 1500’s
  • World in a 3 leaf clover
  • Jerusalem at centre surrounded by Europe, Asia, Africa
  • Bit of America in corner of map
  • ‘Here be mermaids and seamonsters’ design
  • Modern clover design puts modern images into clover leaves

Geog320Crtgphy (10 decks)

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