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Geog320Crtgphy > Colour > Flashcards

Colour Flashcards

1
Q

Why is colour important?

A
  • Clarifies
  • Simplifies
  • Attracts Attention
  • Leads the Eye
  • Enhances Perceptibility
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2
Q

Color Brewer

A
  • Website resource for colour choices
  • Powerful cartography tool
  • Created by past Cartography student
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3
Q

What are key things to understand about colour?

A
  • Visual reaction to colour
  • Visual sensation of colour
  • How colours interact with each other
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4
Q

Figure Ground

A
  • Ability to separate elements based upon contrast
  • Employed to discern difference between back ground and foreground
  • Not just about lines, but how it is shaded
  • Famous example: Rubin’s Vase
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5
Q

Rubin’s Vase

A
  • Classic example of figure ground optical illusion
  • Is it a vase, or two faces
  • Shows how perception can play a role in cartography
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6
Q

Is the flag of Canada an optical illusion?

A
  • Not really but it could almost look like two people fighting
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7
Q

How do we see colour?

A
  • Receptors in the eye that are stimulated by portion of electromagnetic spectrum
  • We distinguish 7 predominant colours (hues)
  • ROYGBIV
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8
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A
  • Entire spectrum appears as white light
  • When refracted through prism actually shows the various wavelengths as the 7 predominant colours ROYGBIV
  • Humans see 400-700nm
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9
Q

What portion of the electromagnetic spectrum do humans see?

A
  • 400-700nm
  • ROYGBIV
  • Some people don’t see all and are colour blind
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10
Q

How do lightbulbs affect colour?

A
  • Light bulbs change colour

- Full spectrum lightbulbs are more comfortable because they produce natural light

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11
Q

ROYGBIV acronym

A

Ring Out Your Great Bells In Victory

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12
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of colour?

A
  • Hue
  • Chroma
  • Value
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13
Q

Hue

A
  • Colours, ROYGBIV

- Infinite number of colours

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14
Q

Chroma

A
  • Intensity, not brightness
  • Saturation, purity
  • Compare colour to neutral grey, with addition of pigment, will appear less and less grey
  • White, Grey, and black are achromatic
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15
Q

Which colours are achromatic?

A

White, Grey, and black are achromatic

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16
Q

Value

A
  • Lightness or Brightness of hue
  • Measured w/ instruments
  • Conceptually easy, difficult in practice
  • Subjective for humans, but can measure w/ spectral responses
  • Computer usually manages value
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17
Q

What are the 2 key ways of classifying colour?

A
  • Additive Light Mixing

- Subtractive Pigment Mixing

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18
Q

Additive Light Mixing

A
  • RGB
  • Colours added to produce new colours
  • White is all colours, black is no colours
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19
Q

What is Additive Light Mixing used for?

A
  • For projecting

- RGB

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20
Q

Subtractive Pigment Mixing

A
  • CMYK

- K is black

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21
Q

What is Subtractive Pigment Mixing used for?

A
  • For printing

- CMYK

22
Q

What does CMYK stand for

A

Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, K is black

23
Q

What is the main difference between RGB and CMYK?

A
  • Additive RGB is how computers display and project colour

- Subtractive CMYK is how printers will display colour

24
Q

Why does CMYK need the K?

A

Because CMY cannot mix together to create a good enough black on their own

25
Q

What are examples of colour classification systems and years established?

A
  • Munsell (1915)
  • Ostwald (1917)
  • CIE (1931)
  • RGB
26
Q

Explain the Munsell colour classification system

A
  • 1915
  • 10 major hues
  • 10 value levels
  • 12 chroma levels
  • 1500 total colour specs
  • Subtractive, Good for print not digital
  • Used a physical 3D model to find colours
27
Q

Describe the Munsell 3D model to find colours

A
  • Wheel of 10 hues
  • Vertical center representing 10 value levels
  • Horizontal from wheel represents 12 chroma levels for each hue on the wheel
28
Q

Explain the Ostwald colour classification system

A
  • 1917
  • 24 hues on hue circle
  • Adds different amount of white/black on vertical
  • Represented by C (colour), W (White), and B (Black)
  • Simple, precise
  • Subtractive pigments
29
Q

What does 40, 10, 50 represent in the Ostwald colour system?

A

40% colour, 10% White, 50% Black

30
Q

Who was Ostwald and how did he develop his colour system?

A
  • Physicist and Nobel Prize winner

- Reflectance Curves

31
Q

Explain the CIE colour classification system

A
  • Additive digital system
  • Reaction of light/energy hitting things
  • Standard illumination source (tungsten lamp, noon sunlight, average sunlight on overcast day)
  • Standard observer (average human response)
  • Standard primaries (Red, green, blue)
32
Q

What does CIE stand for?

A

Commission International De L’Eclairage

33
Q

What are the standard primaries in the CIE?

A
  • Red, x
  • Green, y
  • Blue, z
  • Set up on a cube
34
Q

Explain the RGB colour classification system

A
  • 16 million possible colours
  • Additive, digital
  • RGB is XYZ with values between 0-255 each (256 #’s)
35
Q

What does 0,0,0 represent in RGB?

A

Black

36
Q

What does 255,255,255 represent in RGB?

A

White

37
Q

What does 255,0,0 represent in RGB?

A

Red

38
Q

What does 255,0,255 represent in RGB?

A

Magenta

- all red, all blue

39
Q

What are some considerations to take into account when choosing colours and colour combinations?

A
  • Cultural Controls
  • Convention
  • Depth Perception
  • Value
  • Data Levels
40
Q

What are the perceptual primaries and what are the other colours?

A

Primaries: blue, red, green, yellow, brown, black, white

- Other colours appear as mixtures (pink, orange, etc.)

41
Q

What does red represent culturally?

A
  • Danger, Stop
42
Q

What does yellow represent culturally?

A
  • Sacred in East

- Indecision in West

43
Q

What are colours associated with funerals?

A
  • White in India

- Black in West

44
Q

What colours are best for different age groups?

A
  • High saturation chroma for children

- Softer tones for older people

45
Q

What is an example of a cultural colour that might be best to avoid?

A
  • Blue = boys

- Pink = girls

46
Q

What are some cartographic conventions for colour?

A
  • Blue = Water/cool
  • Red = Warmth/ towns/ danger- Green = Vegetation/ lowlands/ forests
  • Yellow = Dryness/lack of veg
  • Brown = Contours/ landforms
47
Q

What do blue and red represent on a geology map (cartographic conventions)

A 
Blue = Carbonate (water formed, cool)
Red = Igneous (volcanic, hot)
48
Q

How does depth perception affect colour (relates to physics)?

A
  • Light rays refract inversely to wavelength
  • Blue focus in front of retina and red focus behind retina
  • Therefore red appears nearer than blue in front of the eye fractionally
  • Red appears more important
49
Q

What is value?

A
  • Lightness or darkness
  • Humans are not very sensitive to value
  • Value appears inconsistent depending on interference by surrounding colours
  • Can interfere with depth perception
50
Q

What is one way to help choose colour schemes and help with figure ground?

A
  • Use a colour wheel organized in chromatic order

- Choose complimentary colour opposite on the wheel

51
Q

Data levels with colour

A
  • Nominal: colour has no meaning

- Ordinal/ Interval/ Ratio: colour has meaning

52
Q

What are some key guidelines for choosing colours on maps?

A
  • Avoid too many colours
  • Avoid loud colours
  • Avoid clashing colours
  • Keep It Simple (KIS)
  • Design map for audience, not yourself

Geog320Crtgphy (10 decks)

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