History Midterm!!!!!!!!!

Question 1

What is a primary source?

Answer 1

Created during the time of study;
original documents, creative works, relics or artifacts.

Question 2

What is a secondary source?

Answer 2

Interprets and analyzes primary sources;
publications. Usually made by experts in their field.

Question 3

How did most humans survive in the Paleolithic Era?

Answer 3

H/G
nomads
relied on fire
created tools
communicated

Lasted 2.6 million years

Question 4

Benefits of fire

Answer 4

Easier to digest food
Makes food nutritious
Helps to fend off predators
Source of warmth

Question 5

Human Evolution

Answer 5

Australopithecus,
Homo habilis,
Homo Erectus,
Neanderthals,
Homo Sapiens

Question 6

H/G/forager Lifestyles:

Answer 6

Small bands of 25-50 people
Low population density - very slow population growth (contrast to Paleolithic period)
Seasonally mobile/nomadic
Food gathering less than 30 hrs a week = a lot of leisure time (subsistence involved less work than today)
No hierarchy
Had funerals, and religion

Question 7

H/G/forager Belief System:

Answer 7

Animism - the idea that the natural world has a spiritual connection

Question 8

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

Answer 8

transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture

Question 9

Transition to agriculture-why? -

Answer 9

Population pressure (growing too large)
Environmental change (Younger Dryas cold spell) (end of ice age)
Cognitive change (we became smarter and more innovative)
Over-hunting of wild animals
Desire to settle down
Building of a temple (Gobekli Tepe in Turkey), oldest known civilization

Question 10

Where was the Sumer civilization located?

Answer 10

Sumer is south west asia (where the Euphrates and Tigris river lie)

Question 11

Where was the Shang civilization located?

Answer 11

Shang is in western China (where the yellow river lies)

Question 12

Where was the Indus civilization located?

Answer 12

Indus is north west of india (where the Indus river lies)

Question 13

Where was the Egypt civilization located?

Answer 13

Egypt is in the northeastern corner of Africa (where the Nile lies)

Question 14

What were the major cultural achievements and distinctions in the Shang civilization?

Answer 14

Shang developed silk production, books, porcelain, writing, coined money, bronze, and cast iron.

Question 15

What were the major cultural achievements and distinctions in the Sumer civilization?

Answer 15

Sumer created the wheel, plow, and cuneiform.

Question 16

What were the major cultural achievements and distinctions in the Egypt civilization?

Answer 16

Egypt had a good irrigation system

Question 17

What were the major cultural achievements and distinctions in the Indus civilization?

Answer 17

Indus created planned cities, extensive trade networks, undeciphered script, lack of hierarchy

Question 18

What were the major cultural achievements and distinctions in the Mesopotamia civilization?

Answer 18

Mesopotamia created writing and taxes

Question 19

What are the major beliefs of Judaism?

Answer 19

Belief in one god - Yahweh
Belief that God will send a messiah (savior) to save the Jewish people.

Belief that the following are central to their society:
Education
Justice and Righteousness
Obedience and Law

Question 20

What are the major beliefs of Christianity?

Answer 20

Mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless
Brotherhood and equality for all people
People should seek forgiveness from God for all their sins
Following his teachings would bring salvation and eternal life.

Christianity came into play as Jesus of Nazareth had begun to travel through Judea teaching new beliefs. Yet, this is what caused him to be crucified! Romans saw the spread of Christianity as a threat to Rome.

Question 21

What are the major beliefs of Daoism?

Answer 21

Urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural.
Believed education, moral improvement and good government were artificial and useless.

Simplicity in living:
small, self-sufficient communities
limited government
the abandonment of education
and active efforts at self-improvement.

Question 22

What are the major beliefs of Legalism?

Answer 22

Emphasized the importance of clearly defined rules and strict enforcement through rewards and punishments.
Generally entertained a rather pessimistic view of human nature.

Question 23

What are the major beliefs of Confucianism?

Answer 23

Education was essential for moral improvement.
The study of ritual and ceremonies as a way to understand/follow the rules of appropriate behavior.
Expected to constantly reflect and strive for improvement through personal effort.

Question 24

What was Hammurabi’s code? What was its purpose?

Answer 24

Ruling over different tribal groups in an empire.
Discourage tribal or family customs.
Unify an empire of different groups and ethnicities with separate customs and traditions.

Question 25

Importance of Hammurabi’s code?

Answer 25

Serves as the foundation of modern law codes.

Question 26

Hammurabi’s code included what we call criminal and civil law.

Answer 26

Criminal law: rules that define conduct
Civil Law: settles disputes among people

Question 27

Kinda big ideas of Hammurabi’s code

Answer 27

Equal punishment only existed when both parties were of equal rank.
Origin of strong centralized government- controlling all aspect of society (including morality)
Origins of patriarchy.

Question 28

What was Hellenism?

Answer 28

Hellenistic culture is the blending of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian and Indian culture.
Alexandria, Egypt became the seat of learning for the empire: Famous library of Alexandria
The arts flourished as did philosophy

Question 29

Where was the Roman empire located?

Answer 29

In nearly the entire European continent as well as parts of the Middle East and Africa.

Question 30

What were the major features of Rome’s social structure?

Answer 30

3 Social Classes
Patricians: landholding upper class
Plebeians: farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders - no vote or hold office (made up 95% of Roman citizens).
Slaves: usually prisoners of war