History (MEDICINE) Flashcards
What progress did islam have to medicine?
Understood the importance of hygiene
Set up the hospitals
Continued the use of clinical observation
Muslims believed learning was important and developed knowledge based of roman and greek medical texts
Developed distilation
Made it easier to open a practise
Why was progress limited in terms of islam and medicine
Islam didn’t permit the dissection of corpses
Muslims believed that the cure to every disease was simply praying to Allah
When did a hospital in carlo give money to outpatients to allow them to rest before returning to work?
1283
What did muslims create to prepare for an anaesthetic?
Distillation
Name three famous islamic doctors
Ibn al-Nafis, Avicenna and Rhazes
What did Rhazes write?
El Hawi
What did Rhazes discover?
How to notice the difference between measles and smallpox, that a fever was the bodies response to healing itself and consider and diagnose hayfever/allergies
What did Avicenna write?
Canon of Medicine
How long did Avicenna’s book last for?
17th century
Why did Avicenna’s book last so long?
It was translated into latin and circulated all over europe
What did Avicenna’s book reintroduce to europeans?
Ancient greek knowledge
What did Ibn al-Nafis discover?
Blood was circulated through the heart
And came the closest to discovering the complete circulatory system until the 17th century
Who wrote a scientific work on surgery explaining processes and theories using diagrams?
The Islamic Surgeon Abulcasis
What else did Abulcasis write about?
How to prepare fully before surgery
How to diagnose an illness before surgery
Before surgery is done, best and most efficent surgery should be chosen
What was a limitation of islamic surgery?
Usually last resort - As doctors were happier to treat the illness without opening the patient
Who stated that medicine hadn’t really changed since medieval times?
Lady Johanna St John
What began to appear in early modern britain?
Self-help medical books
True or False? Most towns had at least one pharmacy
True, although most people would continue to be treated by a local wise woman or with family remedies
Who made a recipe book of cures?
Lady Johanna St John
List one cure Lady Johanna St John had a cure for?
Bloody Nose
Who wrote complete herbal?
Nicholas Culpeper
When did Nicholas Culpeper write ‘Complete Herbal’?
1653
What else did Nicholas Culpeper do to his patient?
Charged them nothing (service was free)
What did Nicholas Culpeper prefer to do?
Speak to and examine his patients in person
What held Nicholas Culpeper back?
Still relyed on herbal remedys
List four new ingredients from around the world being used in medicine, in the early modern period?
Rhubarb, Opium, Chinchora and Tobacco
What was the name for rhubarb?
‘Wonder-drug’
Where was rhubarb from?
South America
Where did chinchona come from?
South America
Where did opium come from?
China
What was opium used for?
To reduce pain
What was smoking a pipe regarded as?
The best way to keep the plague away
Where was tobacco from?
North America
Why was the medicine market a market to take advantage of in the early modern period?
Not everyone understands what caused disease and what cured it
What century did people begin to invent and sell their own medicine?
17th and 18th
What was quack medicine sold as?
A preventative and a cure
Once sold enough what would the salesmen do?
Quickly move on before people realised that it didnt work
Give an example of a quack drug?
Daffy’s Elixir
Who designed Daffy’s Elixir?
Daffy
When was Daffy’s Elixir designed?
1647
What did Daffy’s Elixir allegedly cure?
Convulsion fits, children’s distempers, worms, fits and ples
What were the ingredients of Daffy’s Elixir?
Brandy, Parsley seeds, Rhubab, Jalap, Cochineal and sennel seeds
What did Daffy’s Elixir actually “cure”?
Constipation as it acted as a laxative
What were the two main ingredients in quack medicine?
Alcohol and opium
Why was opium and alcohol so useful when designing quack medicine?
Would numb the pain whilst also getting the patients addicted
What did the sucess of quackery depend on?
The skill of the salesman and the uncertainty of the patient
Give an example of good packaging for quackery
Turlington’s Balsam of Life
What was given a royal patent by King George II?
Turlington’s Balsam of Life
When was ‘Turlington’s Balsam of Life’ given a royal patent?
1744
What also helped quackery more wide spread?
The growth of newspapers which lead to the ability to advertise
What was the main goal of quackery?
To get people addicted
Why were quacks able to sell medicine, which was useless?
Everyone thought they were right, it was based off religion and there was no regulation implemented to stop them
Why did people buy these medicines?
The public were desperate and uncertain whilst also believing the false claims
What does quackery tell you about health and medicine at that time?
Becoming more of a profit
Very unknown to the public
Symptoms available but no cures
What did most people believe, at the beginning of the 19th century, caused disease?
Bad air (miasma) or the four humours
Name the three fathers of germ theory
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Paul Ehrlich
What did Louis Pasteur discover?
What caused disease
What process did Pasteur create?
Pasteurisation
What was pasteurisation?
Boiling the solution (wine and milk) and then cooling it down
What did Pasteur prove could be done?
Germs could be prevented from entering the liquid
What did Pasteur discredit?
Spontaneous generation
What was a limitation to Pasteurs work?
Many surgeons didn’t follow his advice (eg. He recommended that surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation)
What did Pasteur recommend?
That surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation
When and what did Koch devise a procedure?
1876
To demonstrate that a bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) caused anthrax
What did Koch prove?
A particular baceria caused a particular disease
When and what other bacteria did Koch prove caused disease?
Tuberculosis (1882)
Cholera (1883)
What methods did Koch improve?
Staining bacteria
The use of gelatine and agar as growing media for bacterial colonies
What did Koch’s improvement of agar growth help prove?
That pollution spread disease
What did Ehrlich research?
Chemotherapy
When was the microbe that causes syphillis discovered?
1906
When and how many chemical compounds had Ehrilch used to kill syphillis?
1907
600 chemical compounds
When and what was the name of the compound that killed syphillis?
1909
Salvarsan 606
What did Ehrlich discover by studying microbes with dye on them?
Antibodies are present in the body
What did Ehrlich name the antibodies in the blood?
Magic Bullets
What improved 19th century medicine?
Technology
How does technology improve medicine?
Increases machines - mass production of medicine
When did aspirin go on sale in the UK?
1899
When did Boots begin selling medicine?
19th century
What did Thomas Beechan open to make?
A factory to make cold powders
When did Thomas Beechan make cold powders?
1859
What recommended that every household should have 10% opium and 90% alcohol?
Mrs Beeton’s book (the book of household management)
Why was all these new machines bad for medicine?
Government had no control over what was being produced
What were major ingredients in 19th century medicine?
Alcohol Opium Cocaine Arsenic Mercury
Name two key ingredients in 19th century medicine that were poisonous
Arsenic
Mercury
When and who discovered penicillin?
19th century
Lister
What did lister do with his discovery?
Used it to treat a wound but never published his notes
Who discovered that antiseptics were unable to prevent infection?
Alexander Fleming
Who and what war was sent to St Mary’s Hospital?
WW1
Alexander Fleming
What caused septicemia?
Staphylococci
When did Fleming return from his holiday? and what did he find?
1928
Mould (penicillin) was on his petri dish which killed the staphylococci germ
What did Fleming do with his discovery?
Published his results in 1929, but didn’t have the funds to develop the drug
What stopped people from believing in Fleming’s discovery?
He didn’t include his test where he injected a person with penicillin into there body
Who began further research into penicillin?
Howard Florey
Ernst Chain
When was penicillin investigated further?
1937
When was penicillin investigated on humans?
1941
Describe the story of the test of penicillin on the first human
Police officer with an infection from a scratch
Originally worked until ran out of penicillin, after 5 days he had died
How did war affect penicillin?
Provided a use (and a testing ground) which sped up the development and production
Describe penicillin use during World War Two
1943 1,000 soldiers
1945 250,000 soldiers
What % of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?
15%
How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?
There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the “wonder drug” and it was used to treat diseases such as; bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.
Can you name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?
Streptomycin (tuberculosis)
Tetracyline (skin infections)
Mitomycin (cancer)
