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Yr 10 Mock > History (MEDICINE) > Flashcards

History (MEDICINE) Flashcards

1
Q

What progress did islam have to medicine?

A

Understood the importance of hygiene
Set up the hospitals
Continued the use of clinical observation
Muslims believed learning was important and developed knowledge based of roman and greek medical texts
Developed distilation
Made it easier to open a practise

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2
Q

Why was progress limited in terms of islam and medicine

A

Islam didn’t permit the dissection of corpses

Muslims believed that the cure to every disease was simply praying to Allah

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3
Q

When did a hospital in carlo give money to outpatients to allow them to rest before returning to work?

A

1283

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4
Q

What did muslims create to prepare for an anaesthetic?

A

Distillation

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5
Q

Name three famous islamic doctors

A

Ibn al-Nafis, Avicenna and Rhazes

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6
Q

What did Rhazes write?

A

El Hawi

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7
Q

What did Rhazes discover?

A

How to notice the difference between measles and smallpox, that a fever was the bodies response to healing itself and consider and diagnose hayfever/allergies

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8
Q

What did Avicenna write?

A

Canon of Medicine

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9
Q

How long did Avicenna’s book last for?

A

17th century

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10
Q

Why did Avicenna’s book last so long?

A

It was translated into latin and circulated all over europe

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11
Q

What did Avicenna’s book reintroduce to europeans?

A

Ancient greek knowledge

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12
Q

What did Ibn al-Nafis discover?

A

Blood was circulated through the heart

And came the closest to discovering the complete circulatory system until the 17th century

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13
Q

Who wrote a scientific work on surgery explaining processes and theories using diagrams?

A

The Islamic Surgeon Abulcasis

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14
Q

What else did Abulcasis write about?

A

How to prepare fully before surgery
How to diagnose an illness before surgery
Before surgery is done, best and most efficent surgery should be chosen

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15
Q

What was a limitation of islamic surgery?

A

Usually last resort - As doctors were happier to treat the illness without opening the patient

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16
Q

Who stated that medicine hadn’t really changed since medieval times?

A

Lady Johanna St John

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17
Q

What began to appear in early modern britain?

A

Self-help medical books

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18
Q

True or False? Most towns had at least one pharmacy

A

True, although most people would continue to be treated by a local wise woman or with family remedies

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19
Q

Who made a recipe book of cures?

A

Lady Johanna St John

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20
Q

List one cure Lady Johanna St John had a cure for?

A

Bloody Nose

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21
Q

Who wrote complete herbal?

A

Nicholas Culpeper

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22
Q

When did Nicholas Culpeper write ‘Complete Herbal’?

A

1653

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23
Q

What else did Nicholas Culpeper do to his patient?

A

Charged them nothing (service was free)

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24
Q

What did Nicholas Culpeper prefer to do?

A

Speak to and examine his patients in person

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25
Q

What held Nicholas Culpeper back?

A

Still relyed on herbal remedys

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26
Q

List four new ingredients from around the world being used in medicine, in the early modern period?

A

Rhubarb, Opium, Chinchora and Tobacco

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27
Q

What was the name for rhubarb?

A

‘Wonder-drug’

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28
Q

Where was rhubarb from?

A

South America

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29
Q

Where did chinchona come from?

A

South America

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30
Q

Where did opium come from?

A

China

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31
Q

What was opium used for?

A

To reduce pain

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32
Q

What was smoking a pipe regarded as?

A

The best way to keep the plague away

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33
Q

Where was tobacco from?

A

North America

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34
Q

Why was the medicine market a market to take advantage of in the early modern period?

A

Not everyone understands what caused disease and what cured it

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35
Q

What century did people begin to invent and sell their own medicine?

A

17th and 18th

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36
Q

What was quack medicine sold as?

A

A preventative and a cure

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37
Q

Once sold enough what would the salesmen do?

A

Quickly move on before people realised that it didnt work

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38
Q

Give an example of a quack drug?

A

Daffy’s Elixir

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39
Q

Who designed Daffy’s Elixir?

A

Daffy

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40
Q

When was Daffy’s Elixir designed?

A

1647

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41
Q

What did Daffy’s Elixir allegedly cure?

A

Convulsion fits, children’s distempers, worms, fits and ples

42
Q

What were the ingredients of Daffy’s Elixir?

A

Brandy, Parsley seeds, Rhubab, Jalap, Cochineal and sennel seeds

43
Q

What did Daffy’s Elixir actually “cure”?

A

Constipation as it acted as a laxative

44
Q

What were the two main ingredients in quack medicine?

A

Alcohol and opium

45
Q

Why was opium and alcohol so useful when designing quack medicine?

A

Would numb the pain whilst also getting the patients addicted

46
Q

What did the sucess of quackery depend on?

A

The skill of the salesman and the uncertainty of the patient

47
Q

Give an example of good packaging for quackery

A

Turlington’s Balsam of Life

48
Q

What was given a royal patent by King George II?

A

Turlington’s Balsam of Life

49
Q

When was ‘Turlington’s Balsam of Life’ given a royal patent?

A

1744

50
Q

What also helped quackery more wide spread?

A

The growth of newspapers which lead to the ability to advertise

51
Q

What was the main goal of quackery?

A

To get people addicted

52
Q

Why were quacks able to sell medicine, which was useless?

A

Everyone thought they were right, it was based off religion and there was no regulation implemented to stop them

53
Q

Why did people buy these medicines?

A

The public were desperate and uncertain whilst also believing the false claims

54
Q

What does quackery tell you about health and medicine at that time?

A

Becoming more of a profit
Very unknown to the public
Symptoms available but no cures

55
Q

What did most people believe, at the beginning of the 19th century, caused disease?

A

Bad air (miasma) or the four humours

56
Q

Name the three fathers of germ theory

A

Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Paul Ehrlich

57
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

A

What caused disease

58
Q

What process did Pasteur create?

A

Pasteurisation

59
Q

What was pasteurisation?

A

Boiling the solution (wine and milk) and then cooling it down

60
Q

What did Pasteur prove could be done?

A

Germs could be prevented from entering the liquid

61
Q

What did Pasteur discredit?

A

Spontaneous generation

62
Q

What was a limitation to Pasteurs work?

A

Many surgeons didn’t follow his advice (eg. He recommended that surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation)

63
Q

What did Pasteur recommend?

A

That surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation

64
Q

When and what did Koch devise a procedure?

A

1876

To demonstrate that a bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) caused anthrax

65
Q

What did Koch prove?

A

A particular baceria caused a particular disease

66
Q

When and what other bacteria did Koch prove caused disease?

A

Tuberculosis (1882)

Cholera (1883)

67
Q

What methods did Koch improve?

A

Staining bacteria

The use of gelatine and agar as growing media for bacterial colonies

68
Q

What did Koch’s improvement of agar growth help prove?

A

That pollution spread disease

69
Q

What did Ehrlich research?

A

Chemotherapy

70
Q

When was the microbe that causes syphillis discovered?

A

1906

71
Q

When and how many chemical compounds had Ehrilch used to kill syphillis?

A

1907

600 chemical compounds

72
Q

When and what was the name of the compound that killed syphillis?

A

1909

Salvarsan 606

73
Q

What did Ehrlich discover by studying microbes with dye on them?

A

Antibodies are present in the body

74
Q

What did Ehrlich name the antibodies in the blood?

A

Magic Bullets

75
Q

What improved 19th century medicine?

A

Technology

76
Q

How does technology improve medicine?

A

Increases machines - mass production of medicine

77
Q

When did aspirin go on sale in the UK?

A

1899

78
Q

When did Boots begin selling medicine?

A

19th century

79
Q

What did Thomas Beechan open to make?

A

A factory to make cold powders

80
Q

When did Thomas Beechan make cold powders?

A

1859

81
Q

What recommended that every household should have 10% opium and 90% alcohol?

A

Mrs Beeton’s book (the book of household management)

82
Q

Why was all these new machines bad for medicine?

A

Government had no control over what was being produced

83
Q

What were major ingredients in 19th century medicine?

A 
Alcohol
Opium
Cocaine
Arsenic 
Mercury
84
Q

Name two key ingredients in 19th century medicine that were poisonous

A

Arsenic

Mercury

85
Q

When and who discovered penicillin?

A

19th century

Lister

86
Q

What did lister do with his discovery?

A

Used it to treat a wound but never published his notes

87
Q

Who discovered that antiseptics were unable to prevent infection?

A

Alexander Fleming

88
Q

Who and what war was sent to St Mary’s Hospital?

A

WW1

Alexander Fleming

89
Q

What caused septicemia?

A

Staphylococci

90
Q

When did Fleming return from his holiday? and what did he find?

A

1928

Mould (penicillin) was on his petri dish which killed the staphylococci germ

91
Q

What did Fleming do with his discovery?

A

Published his results in 1929, but didn’t have the funds to develop the drug

92
Q

What stopped people from believing in Fleming’s discovery?

A

He didn’t include his test where he injected a person with penicillin into there body

93
Q

Who began further research into penicillin?

A

Howard Florey

Ernst Chain

94
Q

When was penicillin investigated further?

A

1937

95
Q

When was penicillin investigated on humans?

A

1941

96
Q

Describe the story of the test of penicillin on the first human

A

Police officer with an infection from a scratch

Originally worked until ran out of penicillin, after 5 days he had died

97
Q

How did war affect penicillin?

A

Provided a use (and a testing ground) which sped up the development and production

98
Q

Describe penicillin use during World War Two

A

1943 1,000 soldiers

1945 250,000 soldiers

99
Q

What % of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?

A

15%

100
Q

How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?

A

There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the “wonder drug” and it was used to treat diseases such as; bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.

101
Q

Can you name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?

A

Streptomycin (tuberculosis)
Tetracyline (skin infections)
Mitomycin (cancer)

Yr 10 Mock (8 decks)

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