History- Imperialism Flashcards
1
Q
Causes and motives of imperialism: political
A
Nationalism: imperialism represented an expression of nationalism and European countries gained colonies to show their power, prestige, national superiority
Balance of power: when one European power obtained colonies, other European powers felt it necessary to the same
2
Q
Causes and motives of imperialism: technological
A
- advances made possible by industrial revolution
- Europeans involved with Africa, Asia, pacific
- transportation: steam powered ships, gunboats, railroad
- telegraph was invented in 1830s
- cables linked imperialist countries
- superior European weaponry from maxim guns
3
Q
Causes and motives of imperialism: social
A
- social Darwinism
- ethnocentrism
- racism
- religion: European powers wanted to spread Christianity
- white mans burden & mission civilisatrice
4
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- One cause of social imperialism
- theory that technologically advanced societies of the west were more successful thank others because western cultures were superior
5
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
Belief in the inherent superiority of ones own ethnics group or religion
6
Q
Racism
A
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
7
Q
White mans burden & mission civilisatrice
A
European belief that it was the duty of Europeans to bring their advanced civilization to their colonies
8
Q
Terms of imperialist control: level of formal foreign control
A
Levels of foreign control: 1-colony 2-protectorate 3-sphere of influence 4-economic imperialism
9
Q
Colony
A
- Highest
- a country or region under the immediate control of a foreign state
- colony has no independent international representation
- top level administration is under direct control of the foreign state
- example: British India
10
Q
Protectorates
A
- 2nd highest
- country with its own internal government, under control of an outside power
- outside power guaranteed protection
- example: Cuba
11
Q
Sphere of influence
A
- 3rd highest
- area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges
- nations agreed to not interfere with other nations spheres
- example: China
12
Q
Economic imperialism
A
- lowest
- independent but less developed nations
- controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments
- example: dole Hawaiian pineapple company and United fruit company
13
Q
Tropical dependencies
A
- Small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-western people
- greater portion of European empires consisted of these dependencies
- Asia, Africa, South Pacific
14
Q
Settlement colonies
A
- white dominions: inhabited mostly by Europeans and their descendants; indigenous ppl were few; Canada and Australia
- contested settler colonies: large European populations lived among even more numerous indigenous peoples; South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya, Hawaii
15
Q
Political effects of imperialism
A
- European domination of indigenous ppl
- nationalism: increased in both Europeans and indigenous ppl
- balance of power among European nations
- increased competition for colonies
- resistance of subject peoples
16
Q
Resistance of subject ppls
A
- sepoy rebellion, India
- Zulu wars, Southern Africa late
- boxer rebellion, China
- mahdist revolt, Sudan
- other forms: boycotting European products, organizing political parties, publishing anti-colonial newspapers and magazines
17
Q
Imperialism: social effects
A
- Ethnocentrism, racism, and social Darwinism subjugated indigenous people
- European exploited ethnic and cultural divisions: native ppls divided into tribes; tribalism: tribal consciousness and loyalty; exaltation of the tribe above other groups; violence and conflict between competing tribal and ethnic groups
18
Q
European imperialism: political effects
A
Home rule league: home rule bills for Irish self-rule failed to pass in parliament
19
Q
European imperialism: South Asia
A
- India: Jewel in the biting crown
- company rule: British east India company
- British raj: formal rule of India by British government
20
Q
European imperialism: South Asia: political and military effects
A
- east India company took advantage of decline of Mughal state
- princely states
- presidencies
- sepoys
- sepoy rebellion
- royal titles act
21
Q
Princely states
A
Domains of Indian princes allied to the British
22
Q
Presidencies
A
Areas directly governed by British; larger than princely states
23
Q
Sepoys
A
- native Indians employed but British east India company
- trained in European military style
24
Q
Sepoy rebellion
A
- controversy over animal grease for British rifles
- Hindu & Muslim opposition to British civilians
- British used severe methods as retribution; suppressed rebellion
- Cawnpore massacre- Indians killed British civilians
25
Nabobs
- British representatives of east India company
| - gained wealth through corruption, exploitation
26
Ram Monhun Roy
- Indian reformer helped end sati
- "father of modern India"
- wanted to build society based on European science & Hinduism
- helped to end the practice of sati
27
Indian national congress
- Founded in 1885
- largest and most prominent Indian public organization
- forum for educated Indians to discuss public affairs
- aired Indian grievances, openly sought Indian self-rule
28
Bal Gangadhar tilak
- opposition to British rule
- one of the first advocates for "swaraj"
- militant nationalist
- passive resistance; boycotting goods
- founder and president of Indian home rule league
- involved with Indian national congress
- concluded Lucknow pact which provided for Hindu-Muslim unity
29
Mohandas Gandhi
-mahatma (great soul)
-studied law in England
-became advocate for
Indian rights in South Africa
-satyagraha- nonviolent resistance
-ahimsa- non injury to all living beings
30
Muslim league
- founded in 1906
- protected rights of Indian Muslims
- adopted self-government
- called for separate nation (pakistan) for India's Muslims
31
Mohammed Ali jinnah
- Studied law and politics in England
- involved in the home rule league
- Lucknow pact- called for Hindu-Muslim unity
32
Java
- Most populated
- Dutch east India company controlled trade w Java
- coffee
33
Java war
- last resistance of the Javanese aristocracy to the Dutch rule
- prince pangeran diponegoro: mobilized native ppls again Dutch; sought Javanese heartland free of Dutch rule
34
The opium war
- China had much to offer, but little demand for European products
- east India company found opium to exchange for Chinese goods
- ab 40,000 chests of opium shipped to China yearly
- the emperor commissioned the incorruptible Lin zexu to stop the trade
- relying on military superiority, Britain launched a retaliatory war
35
Taiping rebellion
- internal turmoil in China
| - population growth strained resources, poverty and discontent of peasantry
36
Boxer rebellion
- peasants in northern China organized the rid China if foreign Devils
- crushed by European and Japanese troops
- revolutionary uprisings gained widespread public support
37
Maori
- native ppls of New Zealand
- practiced hunting, gathering, farming, cattle-grazing
- many died from European diseases
- treaty of waitangi
- New Zealand wars
38
Treaty of waitagi
- between British and several Maori tribes
- British pledged to protect Maori land
- established British law in New Zealand
39
The Berlin conference
- European powers agreed upon carving Africa continent into colonies
- European armies sent to consolidate their claims and impose colonial rule in Africa
- Bismarck
40
Mahdi
Muhammad achmad
The guided one
A Muslim leader
Led a nationalist and Islamic revolt against Egyptians and British
41
Congo
Belgian influence
| Belgian King Leopold 2 sets up private venture to colonize Congo
42
Boers
Afrikaners left cape colony; moved to interior South Africa
| Founded orange free state and transvaal
43
Zulu war
- British wanted Zulu to provide labor force for diamond mines
- isandlwana battle
- British government increased efforts to subjugate Zulu ppls
44
Isandlwana battle
Zulu battle over British
| Large Zulu force nearly wiped out entire British garrison
45
First matabele war
Fought between Matabele and British South Africa company
| Death of King lobengula
46
Second Anglo-boer war
- British fought boer farmers
| - British victory
47
Cecil Rhodes
- British financier and statesman organized debeers mining company
- monopoly on global diamond production
- desired a "cape to Cairo railway"
- opposed voting rights for black South Africans
- gained territory for Britain in South Africa (Rhodesia, treaties w Matabele)
48
Monroe doctrine
- president Monroe claimed Americas as a US protectorate
| - warned europe not to interfere in the Americas
49
Spanish-American War
-US defeated Spain, took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, righter to phillippines
50
Roosevelt corollary
- Issued by president Theodore Roosevelt; extension of Monroe doctrine
- big stick policy of Latin American Caribbean
51
Panama Canal
US helped rebels of Colombia to establish the state of Panama, won right to built the Panama Canal
52
Causes and motive of imperialism: Economic
European merchants, entrepreneurs, markets, overseas expansion for obtaining, raw materials (rubber, tin, copper)
53
Bantu people
Native groups that were originally in control of South African regions; they were divided into many divisions, such as the Zulu and the Xhosa, and fought with Boer farmers for control of the region. Originated in eastern Nigeria in west Africa; migrated to central and southern portion using rivers (particularly in the Congo Basin); village dwellers who depended on agriculture and fishing
54
British raj
Formal Indian rule by British government
