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History Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Behavior is

A

Overt
-Movement/actions
-Facial expressions (a form of movement)
-speech

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3
Q

Mental Processes are

A

Covert

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4
Q

Goals of Psychological Study

A

-Describe
-Explain
-Predict
-Control

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5
Q

George Kelly asserted

A

That all humans function like scientists by assessing risks and potential nourishment from their environment in order to ultimately achieve a sense of control.

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6
Q

What is Structuralism in psychology?

A

Structuralism expanded the idea that the mind has an identifiable structure.

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7
Q

Who is considered the father of psychology and when did he open the first institution for experimental psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt, the father of psychology, opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

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8
Q

What did Wundt assert about human experiences?

A

Wundt asserted that every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations.

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9
Q

Who applied the introspection method to thoughts as well as sensations?

A

Edward Titchener applied the introspection method to thoughts as well as sensations.

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10
Q

What is Functionalism in psychology?

A

Functionalism, founded by William James in 1890, views the mind as manifesting through behavior and focuses on how individuals function.

Function of mind and behavior > structure of mind

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11
Q

What did Functionalism seek to understand?

A

Functionalism sought causal relationships between internal states and external behavior.

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12
Q

What theory inspired Functionalism?

A

Functionalism was inspired by evolutionary theory.

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13
Q

How did Functionalism influence other fields of psychology?

A

Functionalism influenced the emergence of evolutionary psychology.

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14
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Gestalt psychology focuses on the whole person, emphasizing perception and grouping.

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15
Q

What principle did Gestalt psychology establish regarding perception?

A

Gestalt psychology established that the whole (subjective experience of an external object) is greater than the sum of its parts (elements of the object).

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16
Q

Can you provide an example of the Gestalt principle in action?

A

The perception of a painting is more than just its hue, brush strokes, distribution of color, and shapes; it encompasses the overall experience of the artwork.

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17
Q

What is Psychoanalysis and who founded it?

A

Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud in the late 1800s, focuses on the unconscious mind.

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18
Q

What is the significance of Freud’s work “The Interpretation of Dreams”?

A

The Interpretation of Dreams,” published in 1900, is a foundational text in psychoanalysis that explores the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and thought.

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19
Q

What is Psychodynamics?

A

The interrelation of unconscious and conscious mental and emotional forces that determine personality and motivation.

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20
Q

Which system of psychology emphasizes motivation?

A

Woodworth’s Functionalism emphasizes motivation as a key aspect of psychological processes.

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21
Q

What do Freud and Jung focus on in their psychological theories?

A

Freud and Jung focus on unconscious processes that shape behavior and personality.

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22
Q

What does Lewin’s approach emphasize in psychology?

A

Lewin emphasizes Field Theory to look in the context of an individuals environment to see the behavior of the person

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23
Q

How do psychodynamic theories contrast with static or structural theories?

A

Psychodynamics focuses on the dynamic interplay of mental forces, whereas static or structural theories emphasize fixed structures in psychology.

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24
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Creator: Pavlov
Paired association of stimuli –> conditioned response

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25
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Creator: Skinner
Reinforcements [rewards] (+ and -)
Punishments (+ and -)

26
Q

Social Learning

A

-Vicarious observation
-Modeling and mimicry

27
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

28
Q

What phenomenon describes an individual forming attachments to fictional or celebrity characters?

A

Parasocial relations.

29
Q

What is a key characteristic of parasocial relations?

A

There is no direct or mutual relationship between the individual and the character or celebrity.

30
Q

What is the Life Cycle Stage Development Theory?

A

Developed by Erikson (key publications beginning in the 1950s and 1960s), this theory focuses on the psychosocial dynamic of development throughout different life stages.

31
Q

What does Attachment Theory explore?

A

Proposed by John Bowlby (key publications from 1969 to 1980), Attachment Theory examines the dynamics of self-other relationships in close bonds and how these relationships form self-regulation.

The relationships we have with others develop how we self regulate. The theory emphasizes how early relationships influence a persons ability to form healthy, secure relationships for the the rest of their life’s.

32
Q

What is the concept of inter- and intra-regulation in Attachment Theory?

A

Inter-regulation refers to how individuals regulate their emotions and behaviors in relation to others, while intra-regulation refers to self-regulation processes within the individual.

33
Q

What is Personal Myth/Narrative Theory?

A

Developed by McAdams (key publications from 1993 to present), this theory focuses on the dynamic of self and the process of meaning-making about the self.

Individuals construct their identities and make sense of their lives through the stories they tell about themselves. These stories go onto to define their sense of self and shape their future actions.

34
Q

What is Classical Conditioning and who is associated with it?

A

Developed by Pavlov, involves the paired association of stimuli leading to a conditioned response.

35
Q

What is Operant Conditioning and who is associated with it?

A

Associated with Skinner, involves learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.

36
Q

What is Social Learning Theory?

A

Social Learning Theory emphasizes learning through vicarious observation, modeling, and mimicry of others’ behaviors.

36
Q

What are the types of reinforcements in Operant Conditioning?

A

Reinforcements can be positive (adding a reward) or negative (removing an aversive stimulus).

37
Q

What sociocultural factors are included in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

Sociocultural factors encompass environmental (external) influences.

38
Q

What psychological factors are considered in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

Psychological factors include traits/disposition, behaviors, character/values, cognition, and identity.

39
Q

What are the biological factors in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

Biological factors include physiological state, function, and genetics.

40
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

The Biopsychosocial Model is the view that behavior is best understood by considering multiple factors representing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural domains.

41
Q

What key relationships does Critical Psychology examine?

A

It examines the relationship between individual subjectivity and society, the role of power in the discipline of psychology, and the problem of subjectification (bias and distortion) in the construction of knowledge.

42
Q

What does Critical Psychology study?

A

Critical Psychology involves the theoretical and practical study of historical sources and theoretical tenets that shape psychological thought.

43
Q

What is Critical Psychology?

A

Critical Psychology is a generative and international movement that has developed over the last five decades.

44
Q

What is the primary focus of Positive Psychology?

A

Positive Psychology primarily focuses on well-being and life satisfaction rather than pathology.

45
Q

What does Positive Psychology examine?

A

Positive Psychology examines the health benefits of human strengths and character virtues.

46
Q

How are phenomena attributed in evolutionary psychology?

A

In evolutionary psychology, phenomena are generally attributed to facets of survival of the species.

47
Q

What does evolutionary psychology focus on?

A

Evolutionary psychology focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share across cultures.

48
Q

What are some biological causes of behavior?

A

Hormones, heredity/genetics, brain chemicals (neurophysiology), tumors, and diseases.

49
Q

What does Bandura’s social cognition theory integrate?

A

Bandura’s social cognition theory integrates social learning and cognitive theories, emphasizing the role of observational learning and cognitive processes in behavior.

49
Q

What is an important trend in neuroscience research?

A

Use of fMRI studies and the notion of brain plasticity.

50
Q

What are cognitive distortions?

A

Cognitive distortions are irrational or exaggerated thought patterns that negatively affect how individuals perceive their experiences.

51
Q

Who is associated with the concept of cognitive distortions?

A

Aaron Beck is known for identifying cognitive distortions, which are troubling beliefs that distort interpretation of experiences and typically have detrimental effects.

52
Q

What is the ABC model proposed by Albert Ellis?

A

ABC model consists of three components: A (Action) which is the direct or observed behavior, B (Beliefs) which modify the psychological effects of the action, and C (Consequences) which are the outcomes of those beliefs.

53
Q

What does authenticity mean in Humanistic psychology?

A

Authenticity is the concept of being true to oneself, which liberates individuals from existential anxiety and despair caused by betraying their true self.

54
Q

How does Humanistic psychology define creativity?

A

Creativity is viewed as a fundamental aspect of being human, reflecting the individual’s unique experiences and expressions.

55
Q

What is the approach of Humanistic psychology towards understanding individuals?

A

Humanistic psychology emphasizes understanding what a person is truly experiencing and accepting their reality without judgment.

56
Q

What are existential crises and what do they manifest as?

A

Existential crises, which manifest as anger and despair, arise from a person’s reflection on their alienation from the world or a loss of meaning in life.

57
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

Self-actualization is the concern for each unique person to become fully realized in their potential and capabilities.

58
Q

What does free will mean in the context of Humanistic psychology?

A

Free will refers to the freedom to self-reflect and consciously choose, which is inextricably linked to personal responsibility.

59
Q

What are the common principles of Humanistic psychology?

A
  1. Free will
  2. Self-actualization
  3. Authenticity
  4. Creativity
  5. Human Being
  6. Existential Crises

General Psych (8 decks)

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