Historical Schools of Thought Flashcards
analyze the adult mind;
sum total of experience from birth to present
Structuralism
who developed Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener
focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior;
ability of the mind to do something to adapt to the environment.
Functionalism
who developed Functionalism?
William James
foundation for the modern study of perception;
the whole of anything is greater than its parts;
the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.
Gestalt Psychology
what are the types of Gestalt Psychology?
Pragnanz
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Continuity
Common region
we naturally group similar items together based on elements.
Similarity
we perceive elements arranged on a line or curve as related to each other.
Continuity
we group objects together if they’re located in the same bounded area.
Common region
we naturally perceive things in their simplest form.
Pragnanz
elements that form a closed object will be perceived as a group.
Closure
suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes than internal forces;
focuses on observable behavior
Behaviorism
what are the types of Behaviorism?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social Learning Theory
who developed classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
who developed operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
who developed Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
type of conditioned learning where reinforcements and punishments are given to strengthen and weaken a behavior.
Operant conditioning
type of conditioned learning which happens as an instinctive response to a given stimulus or increasing regularity.
Classical conditioning
event that increases a behavior;
makes a behavior be repeated most likely in the future.
Reinforcement
event that decreases a behavior;
makes a behavior be repeated less likely in the future.
Punishment
removal of an favorable event or outcome.
Negative punishment
removal of unpleasant event or outcome.
Negative reinforcement
adding of unfavorable event or outcome.
Positive punishment
adding of pleasant or favorable event or outcome.
Positive reinforcement
examples: giving praises, rewards
Positive reinforcement
examples: grounded, confiscation of gadgets
Negative punishment
examples: reduction of chores
Negative reinforcement
example: corporal punishment
Positive punishment
emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others;
behavior is learned from the environment thru observational learning.
Social Learning Theory
branch of Psychology that studies how the human brain works (thinks, remembers, learns, stores, perceive, acquire, process information).
Cognitive Psychology
who developed the 4 stages of mental development?
Jean Piaget
what are the 4 stages of mental development
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
refers to the study of how children acquire knowledge and the nature of intelligence.
4 stages of mental development by Jean Piaget
give the ages that corresponds to each of the 4 stages of development.
Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7
Concrete operational - 7 to 11
Formal operational - 12 above
refers to when infants acquire knowledge thru sensory experiences and by manipulating objects.
Sensorimotor
refers to when children think symbolically;
become egocentric;
uses words and pictures to represent objects.
Preoperational
refers to when children become organized, logical, and inductive;
get pieces of information to form a general principle.
Concrete operational
refers to when children have abstract thoughts;
become deductive;
use general information to arrive at a specific information.
Formal operational
who developed the Moral Stages of Development?
Kohlberg
refers to the study of the thinking process and how one makes a decision if a behavior is right or wrong;
not about what decision one makes but how he makes it.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
what are the stages of Moral Development?
Preconventional Level
Conventional Level
Post conventional or Principled Level
what are the stages under conventional level?
Good boy/Nice girl orientation
Law and Order orientation
what are the stages under principled level?
Social contract orientation
Universal ethical principle orientation
what are the stages of preconventional level?
Punishment/Obedience orientation
Instrumental purpose orientation
you do something because you want to avoid punishment.
Preconventional level
you do something so you could be perceived as a good person.
Conventional level
you follow the rules because you believe they are a social contract.
Post conventional level
who proposed Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
Conscious
Preconscious
Subconscious
what are the 3 elements of the human mind?
Id
Ego
Superego
consists of primal urges;
pleasure principle;
unconscious;
immediate gratification
Id
holds all of the ideals and values;
morality principle;
counterbalance to Id and Ego
Superego
charged with dealing with reality;
reality principle;
conscious;
finds balance b/w Id and Superego
Ego
states that personality develops thru a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the Id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
area of the body that is sensitive to stimulation.
Erogenous zone
what are the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
give the ages with the corresponding stages of Psychosexual Stages of Development.
Oral - birth to 1
Anal - 1 to 3
Phallic - 3 to 6
Latent - 6 to puberty
Genital - puberty to death
any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to compromise solutions to conflicts that is unable to resolve.
Defense mechanisms
what are the types of defense mechanisms?
Repression
Regression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Sublimation
Denial
Rationalization
Displacement
type of defense mechanism where you return to earlier stages of development.
Regression
type of defense mechanism where you withdraw from consciousness of an unwanted idea and tries to repress or push it down.
Repression
type of defense mechanism where you consciously refuses to perceive that there are painful acts.
Denial
type of defense mechanism where you distort facts to make an event less threatening.
Rationalization
type of defense mechanism where you behave in opposite to what you really feel.
Reaction Formation
type of defense mechanism where the unwanted feelings are displaced into another person.
Projection
type of defense mechanism where you redirect an impulse to a powerless target.
Displacement
type of defense mechanism where you divert instinctual drives into noninstinctual ones.
Sublimation
psychological service provided by a trained professional to assess, diagnose, and treat dysfunctional emotional reactions.
Psychotherapy
what are the types of Psychotherapy?
Transference
Countertransference
type of psychotherapy characterized by patient’s projection towards the analyst.
Transference
type of psychotherapy characterized by the therapist’s conscious or unconscious reaction to the patient.
Countetransference
school of thought that is concerned with the fullest growth of an individual.
Humanism
illustrates an individual’s drive in order of decreasing priority and increasing sophistication;
when primitive needs are met, individual can progress to higher levels in the hierarchy.
Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow
individuals perceive the world based on their own experiences.
Personal Construct Theory - George Kelly
person strives for self actualization, self maintenance, and self enhancement
Self-Centered Theory - Carl Rogers
