Historical Perspective Flashcards

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0
Q

Hippocrates (460-377 bc)

A
  • natural causes: brain pathology, heredity/predisposition, head injuries
  • imbalance between body fluids/forces
    - shaped personality
  • recommended humane treatments
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1
Q

Prehistoric times

A
  • mental illness are caused by good or bad spirits
  • trepanation: hole in skull to release demons, person usually died
  • good spirit: awe and respect
  • bad spirit: magic, potions, fear
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2
Q

Hippocrates: bodily fluids

A
  • they shaped and classified personality
  • 4 humors
    1. Melancholic: black bile, earth, cold and dry, sorrowful
    2. Choleric: yellow bile, fire, hot and dry, egocentric
    3. Sanguine: blood, air, hot and wet, lively
    4. Phlegmatic: phlegm, water, cold and wet, private
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3
Q

Hippocrates: treatments

A
  • humane
  • regular peaceful life
  • sobriety and refraining from excess and extremes
  • vegetarianism and celibacy
  • exercise
  • bleeding
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4
Q

Plato (429-347 BC)

A
  • not responsible for acts, shouldn’t be punished

- care in community and specialty hospitals

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5
Q

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

A

-changed in ways of thinking could be curative

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6
Q

Later greek and roman thought

A
  • pleasant surroundings
  • constant activities –> stimulation, not constant rest
  • pleasant physical therapies
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7
Q

Early chinese thought

A
  • natural, not supernatural causes
  • restore balance: yin and yang
  • stress can contribute
  • drugs and regaining emotional balance
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8
Q

Middle ages

A
  • russia, arabia, muslim empire
    - deserve humane treatment
    - first psychiatric hospital in baghdad
  • europe
    - superstition, supernatural phenomenon
    - lots of plagues –> at the mercy of uncontrollable events
    - mass madness –> group behaviors, ex large group dancing and not stopping
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9
Q

16th to 18th centuries

A
  • disease rather than demonic possession
  • asylums were established –> effort to provide sanctuary
    • became more like warehouses
  • Bedlem “madhouse” in London charged admissions for spectators
  • less severely ill were beggars
  • severe treatments designed to intimidate patients into choosing rationality over insanity
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10
Q

End of 18th century, europe

A
  • humanitarian reform
    • phillipe pinel in France and william tuke in england
  • changes in attitudes, treatments, leaderships, laws
    - patients were fed and clothed better
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11
Q

End of 18th century, america

A
  • Moral treatment movement

- mental hygiene movement

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12
Q

Moral treatment movement

A

-End of 18th century, america
benjamin rush –> humane care and morality
-focus on moral strength –> build up someones moral strength so they can recover –> this is flawed bc it blames people too much
-had issues with upper vs lower class and moral spirituality

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14
Q

Mental hygiene movement

A
  • end of 18th century, america

- dorthea dix: clean asylums, raise money for new asylums, better heating and warm showers

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15
Q

19th Century

A
  • the “great confinement”/ “asylum era”
  • expansion in the number and size of psychiatric institutions
  • giant asylums: look like mansions, hold a ton of people, very large buildings
  • began with moral treatment in mind, but became too large and imprisonable
  • heavy drugging, purging
  • docs became administrators and didn’t treat
  • untrained laypersons administered treatment
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16
Q

20th Century

A
  • deinstitutionalization: community mental health
    - increase in them until 1960, then rapid decline
  • hospitalization was prevented by
    • antipsychotic meds became more widespread: treat so don’t need hospital, or treat to get out quicker
    • counseling and social work seen as legit profession
  • but led to revolving door: shorter but more frequent hospital stays, get out of hospital before you are ready
17
Q

21st century

A
  • greater public acceptance of talk therapy but decreasing use as first line treatment
    • HMOs, drugs as quick fix
  • mental illness as a “brain disease”
    • diseases treated with meds, not with talking
  • treatment moving to primary care settings, ex depression, anxiety
  • New Research
18
Q

New Research, 21st century

A
  • new biological treatments
    • DBS: deep brain stimulation
    • TMS
  • identification of genetic/biological risk
  • mHealth and teleHealth - over the phone help
  • RDoc - NIH focused on finding underlying factors instead of causes of specific diseases
  • shift in language: “clients” or “consumers” instead of “patient” because patient was seen as pejorative, “client” made it a more equal relationship