histopathology_flashcards
Which is the commonest type of pancreatic neoplasm?
Ductal adenocarcinomas
Which of the following are causes of chronic pancreatitis?
All of the above
The following are complications of gall stones, except?
Haemolytic anaemia
20yo med student with abnormal LFT’s. High bilirubin of 32 micromol/L (5-17). GGT, ALT, ALP, AST normal. Never drunk alcohol. No PMH. Cousin had 1 episode of jaundice. What is the next step?
Do nothing
Which is the most representative of liver function in an acute situation?
Prothrombin time
Which of these is the commonest carcinoma seen in the liver?
Metastatic adenocarcinoma
Which of these is not associated with fatty change in the liver?
Hepatitis B
Which of these is not associated with genetic haemochromatosis?
Kayser-Fleisher rings
Lichen planus is an example of which type of inflammatory reaction pattern?
Lichenoid
Where is the epidermis does the bullae in pemphigus vulgaris form?
Stratum spinosum
White/slivery plaques on extensor surfaces are seen in which dermatological condition?
Psoriasis
The Breslow thickness is used to stage which skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma
Which common skin cancer does not metastasise?
Basal cell carcinoma
What percentage of lung cancers in the UK develop in non-smokers?
10-20%
I’ve been smoking for 30 years. Stopping now is not going to reduce by risk of lung cancer.
False
What does cytopathology code ‘C5’ denote?
Malignant
What benign lesions most commonly mimic breast cancer on radiology?
Fat necrosis and radial scar
What is the most common malignant breast tumour?
Ductal carcinoma
How many parameters are included in breast tumour grading?
3
Impaired blood supply to the bowel most commonly causes what?
Ischaemic colitis
A patchy inflammatory bowel condition affecting the stomach, small bowel, and colon is most likely to be what?
Crohns disease
What sort of colon polyps most commonly predispose to adenocarcinoma of the colon?
Adenoma
A 76yo man presents with rectal bleeding. The diagnosis that must be excluded first is what?
Colorectal carcinoma
Causes of granulomatous inflammation in the liver include:
TB, Sarcoid, PBC, Drugs, Schistosomiasis, Malignancy
The different types of liver damage, due to alcohol, include:
Steatosis, Steatohepatitis, Fibrosis, Cirrhosis, Malignancy
What type of amyloid is associated with multiple myeloma?
AL
Most oesophageal and gastric cancers arise from pre-existing adenomas. True or false?
False
In a patient with coeliac disease on a diet containing gluten, the following is the most likely histological change in the duodenum:
Villous atrophy, increased intra-epithelial lymphocytes
Which of the following is not a cause of chronic gastritis?
Metabolic disease
What is the most common brain tumour in adults?
Metastatic deposit
What is the most common brain tumour in children?
Pilocytic astrocytoma
What does tumour grade tell us?
Survival
Which mutation identifies diffuse astrocytic tumours with a better prognosis?
IDH mutation
45 year old female. PMH: Pulmonary lobectomy. 2 days of headache and vomiting. Worsening headache. CT: Right frontoparietal SOL with minimal midline shift to the left. What is your diagnosis?
Metastatic carcinoma
70 year old male. Seizure following 2 weeks of left arm and leg weakness. MRI showing heterogeneous enhancing right frontal lesion, started on steroids. Partial response to steroids with improved dexterity of the left arm and leg. A tumour was partially resected. What is your diagnosis?
Glioblastoma (WHO grade IV)
5 year-old boy. Had headache and vomiting in the morning for 2 weeks. Symptoms worsened and the vision became blurred. Fundoscopic exam: papilledema. MRI showing cystic cerebellar lesion. A tumour was removed. What is your diagnosis?
Pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I)
When the integrity of the blood brain barrier is disrupted, the result oedema is described as..?
Vasogenic
Which of the following types of herniation does not involve the cerebral cortex?
Tonsillar
What percentage of patients who experience a TIA will get a significant infarct within 5 years?
33
What is the most common cause of non-traumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhages?
Hypertension
Which of the following is not a prion disease?
Huntington’s
Tau immunostaining in the peristriate but not the striate cortex is consistent with which Braak grading?
IV
Excluding Parkinson’s disease, which other disorder (often presenting with Parkinsonism) is associated with alpha-synuclein pathology?
Multiple system atrophy
Which if the following proteins is not associated with frontotemporal dementia?
APP
Which of the following is NOT a major risk factor for ischaemic heart disease?
High alcohol consumption
The major cause of ischaemic heart disease is:
Reduced blood flow due to atherosclerosis
A common cause of aneurysms is:
Hypertension
What is the most common cause of thyroid cancer?
Papillary
What type of thyroid carcinoma arises from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid?
Medullary
What syndrome is caused by an adrenal adenoma that secreted aldosterone?
Conn’s
What cancers are screening for in the UK?
Breast, bowel, cervical
Which part of the female genital tract is the commonest site to receive metastatic tumours?
Ovaries
