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HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 4 (INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR) > Flashcards

HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 4 (INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR) Flashcards

1
Q

a response of vascularized tissues to infectious organisms and / or tissue damage that brings cell and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, in order to eliminate the offending agents.

A

inflammation

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2
Q

the initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage.

A

acute inflammation

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3
Q

typically develops within minutes or hours and is of short duration. it lasts for several hours to a few days.

A

acute inflammation

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4
Q

main characteristics of acute inflammation

A
  1. exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema)

2. emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils

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5
Q

exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

A

edema

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6
Q

neutrophils are also called

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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7
Q

this is a protracted phase which has longer duration.

A

chronic inflammation

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8
Q

associated with more tissue destruction, the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the proliferation of blood vessels and the deposition of connective tissue.

A

chronic inflammation

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9
Q

cellular infiltrate of acute inflammation

A

mainly neutrophils

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10
Q

feature of tissue injuries of acute inflammation

A

self limiting and usually mild

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11
Q

cellular infiltrate of chronic inflammation

A

monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

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12
Q

feature of tissue injuries of chronic inflammation

A

severe and progressive

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13
Q

defined as the local response of living mammalian tissues to injury due to any agent.

A

inflammation

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14
Q

enumerate infective agents

A

bacteria, virus and their toxins, fungi and parasites

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15
Q

enumerate immunologic agents

A

cell mediated and antigen - antibody reaction

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16
Q

enumerate physical agents

A

heat, radiation, trauma, cold, and mechanical trauma

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17
Q

enumerate chemical agents

A

organic and inorganic poisons

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18
Q

enumerate inert materials

A

foreign bodies

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19
Q

five cardial signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor
  2. tumor
  3. calor
  4. dolor
  5. functio laesia
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20
Q

rubor means

A

redness

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21
Q

tumor means

A

swelling

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22
Q

calor means

A

heat

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23
Q

dolor means

A

pain

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24
Q

functio laesia means

A

loss of function

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25
Q

this is the reaction that takes place within the inflammation site

A

immune response

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26
Q

type of cell that is responsible for making the extracellular matrix and collagen.

A

fibroblasts

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27
Q

non specific, first line of defense

A

innate immune response

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28
Q

consist of physical, chemical and cellular defenses

A

innate immune response

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29
Q

main purpose of innate immune response

A

immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body

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30
Q

acquired / specific immunity and is only found in vertebrates

A

adaptive immune response

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31
Q

second line of defense

A

adaptive immune response

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32
Q

main purpose of adaptive immune response

A

attack non self pathogens but can sometimes attack itself, make errors and cause autoimmune diseases

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33
Q

cells of the innate immune response (7)

A

natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

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34
Q

cells of adaptive immune response (2)

A

t and b lymphocytes

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35
Q

first to respond to allergies

A

basophils

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36
Q

second to respond to allergies

A

eosinophils

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37
Q

tissue necrosis can be due to what

A

ischemia, trauma and physical and chemical injury

38
Q

exogenous foreign bodies include

A

splinters, dirt and sutures

39
Q

endogenous foreign bodies include

A

urate crystals, cholesterol crystals and lipids

40
Q

urate crystals causes

A

gout

41
Q

cholesterol crystals causes

A

atherosclerosis

42
Q

lipid causes

A

obesity associated with metabolic syndrome

43
Q

first step in inflammation

A

recognition of microbes / damaged cells

44
Q

steps in acute inflammation

A

a. blood vessel reaction
b. leukocyte recruitment
c. phagocytosis and clearing of offending agent
d. termination of response

45
Q

blood vessel reaction includes

A
  1. vascular reaction of acute inflammation consists of change in the flow of blood.
  2. change in the permeability of blood vessels.
46
Q

vasodilation creates what for cells

A

increased pathway

47
Q

refers to the engulfment of the bacteria / foreign material

A

phagocytosis and clearing of offending materials

48
Q

three steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. recognition and attachment of particle to be ingested by the leukocyte.
  2. engulfment with subsequent formation of phagocytotic vacuole.
  3. killing / degradation of ingested material
49
Q

these are substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions

A

mediators of inflammation

50
Q

this mediator includes histamine and serotonin

A

vasoactive amines

51
Q

these are mediators for vasodilation and increased permeability

A

vasoactive amines

52
Q

this mediator includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

arachidonic acid metabolites

53
Q

this mediator is involved in vascular reaction, leukocyte chemotaxis, and other reaction of inflammation

A

arachidonic acid metabolites

54
Q

antagonized by lipoxins

A

arachidonic acid metabolites

55
Q

proteins produced by many cell types and usually act short range

A

cytokines

56
Q

when this acute inflammation mediator is activated, it leads to the generation of multiple breakdown of products

A

complement system proteins

57
Q

produced by proteolytic cleavage of precursors

A

kinins

58
Q

morphologic pattern of acute inflammation

A
  1. serous inflammation
  2. fibrinous inflammation
  3. purulent inflammation
  4. ulcers
59
Q

this type of infection is brought by microorganisms that are difficult to eradicate.

A

persistent infection

60
Q

auto antigens evoke a self perpetuating immune reaction that results in chronic tissue damage and inflammation

A

autoimmunity

61
Q

immune response against common environmental substances (e.g., bronchial asthma)

A

allergy

62
Q

prolonged exposure to toxic agents causes what

A

silicosis and atherosclerosis

63
Q

morphologic patterns of chronic inflammation

A
  1. infiltration with many mononuclear cells, which may include macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
  2. tissue destruction induced by the persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells.
  3. attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue, accomplished by angiogenesis and in particular, fibrosis.
64
Q

this mediator is the dominant cell in most chronic inflammatory reactions

A

macrophages

65
Q

it secretes cytokines and growth factors that act on various cells

A

macrophages

66
Q

it destroys foreign tissues and invaders

A

macrophages

67
Q

it activates t lymphocytes

A

macrophages

68
Q

abundant in immune reactions, mediated by IgE and in parasitic infection.

A

Eosinophils

69
Q

mediator of chronic inflammation. it releases mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins

A

mast cells

70
Q

what are the four systematic effects of inflammation

A
  1. fever
  2. production of acute phase proteins
  3. leukocytosis
  4. septic shock
71
Q

this happens when there is a fall in blood pressure and is induced by high levels of TNF and other cytokines

A

septic shock

72
Q

the process wherein some issues are able to replace the damaged components and essentially return to a normal state

A

regeneration

73
Q

what tissues can undergo regeneration

A

epithelia of the skin, intestines and liver

74
Q

this occurs when injury are incapable of complete reinstitution

A

repair

75
Q

regeneration of liver is triggered by _______ and _______ produced in response to loss of liver mass and inflammation

A

cytokines and growth factors

76
Q

what are the two ways regeneration may occur?

A
  1. proliferation by surviving hepatocytes

2. repopulation from progenitor cells (stem cells)

77
Q

scar formation is a response that ______ rather than restores the tissue.

A

patches

78
Q

this term is most often used in connection to wound healing in the skin

A

scar

79
Q

this term can be used to describe the replacement of parenchymal cells in any tissue by collagen.

A

scar

80
Q

steps in repair

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. formation of granulation tissue
  3. remodeling of connective tissue
81
Q

this refers to the formation of new blood cells which supply nutrients and oxygen needed to support the repair process.

A

angiogenesis

82
Q

this step in repair refers to the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of loose connective tissue.

A

formation of granulation tissue

83
Q

this step in repair refers to the maturation and reorganization of the connective tissue to produce the stable fibrous scar.

A

remodeling of connective tissue

84
Q

this process involves both epithelial regeneration and the formation of connective tissue scar

A

skin wound healing

85
Q

this healing refers to when the injury involves only the epithelial layer, and the principal mechanism of repair is epithelial regeneration

A

healing by first intention

86
Q

this healing refers to when cells or tissue loss is more extensive and the repair process involves a combination of regeneration and scarring.

A

healing by second intention

87
Q

steps in healing by second intention

A
  1. the fibrin clot is larger and there is more exudate and necrotic debris in the wounded area.
  2. inflammation is more extensive because large tissue defects have a greater volume of necrotic debris, exudate and fibrin that must be removed.
  3. larger defects require a greater volume of granulation tissue to fill in the gaps and provide underlying framework for the regrowth of the tissue.
  4. wound contraction generally occurs in large surface wounds.
  5. contraction is mediated by a network of myofibroblasts
88
Q

these are modified fibroblasts which exhibit many of the ultrastructural and functional features of contractile smooth muscle cells.

A

myofibroblasts

89
Q

best example of regeneration

A

liver

90
Q

mediators of acute inflammation

A

vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid metabolite, complement system proteins, kinins, cytokines

91
Q

mediators of chronic inflammation

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and neutrophils

92
Q

causes of chronic inflammation

A

persistent infection, autoimmunity, allergy, prolonged exposure to toxic agents

HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (6 decks)

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