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HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > HISTOPATH LAB - LESSON 2 > Flashcards

HISTOPATH LAB - LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

possible outcomes of cells when exposed to an injurious agent. (3)

A
  1. the cell may adapt to the situation.
  2. the cell may acquire reversible injury
  3. the cell may obtain irreversible injury and may die.
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2
Q

types of cellular adaptation

A
  1. hypertrophy
  2. hyperplasia
  3. atrophy
  4. metaplasia
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3
Q

increase in cell size of the cells

A

hypertrophy

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4
Q

increase workload leads to increased protein synthesis and increased size and intracellular organelles which leads to increase cell size of the organ.

A

hypertrophy

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5
Q

increase in the number of cells.

A

hyperplasia

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6
Q

caused by hormonal stimulation.

A

hyperplasia

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7
Q

it can be physiological, such as enlargement of breast or pathological such as endometrial hyperplasia.

A

hyperplasia

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8
Q

decrease in the size of the cell.

A

atrophy

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9
Q

replacement of one differentiated tissue with another differentiated tissue.

A

metaplasia

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10
Q

types of metaplasia.

A
  1. physiological metaplasia

2. pathological metaplasia

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11
Q

refers to the normal type of cell maturation.

A

physiological metaplasia

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12
Q

refers to the abnormal type of cell maturation.

A

pathological metaplasia

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13
Q

the columnar epithelium cell of the endocervix metaplasia becomes what when exposed to acidic environment.

A

squamous epithelial cell

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14
Q

the ciliated columnar epithelial cell of the respiratory epithelium becomes what during smoking.

A

squamous epithelial cell

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15
Q

two types of reversible cellular changes

A
  1. fatty acids

2. accumulation of pigments

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16
Q

where does triglycerides accumulate

A

parenchymal cells

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17
Q

what are the causes of accumulation of triglycerides inside the parenchymal cells.

A

imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.

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18
Q

caused by the imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.

A

fatty acids / accumulation of triglycerides

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19
Q

fatty change is usually seen where

A

kidney, liver and heart

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20
Q

fatty liver may be caused by what

A

alcohol, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, obesity and poisoning

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21
Q

etiologies cause accumulation of fat in the heterocytes by the following mechanisms (4)

A
  1. increased uptake of triglycerides into the parenchymal cells
  2. decreased use of fat by cells
  3. overproduction of fat in cell
  4. decrease in the secretion of fat from the cells.
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22
Q

a yellowish pigment produced mainly because of the degradation of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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23
Q

it causes yellow discoloration to the solerae, mucosae and internal organs

A

excess accumulation of bilirubin

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24
Q

yellowish discoloration is called

A

jaundice

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25
Q

causes of jaundice (3)

A
  1. hemolytic anemia
  2. biliary obstruction
  3. hepatocellular
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26
Q

it is the increase in the destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolytic anemia

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27
Q

obstruction of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts and is caused by gall stones

A

biliary obstruction

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28
Q

caused by the failure in the configuration of bilirubin

A

hepatocellular

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29
Q

two types of irreversible cellular changes

A
  1. necrosis

2. apoptosis

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30
Q

characterized by excess fluid enters, swells it, ruptures it and kills it.

A

necrosis

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31
Q

after the cell had died, what occurs within the living agent.

A

intracellular degradative reactions

32
Q

true or false. necrosis also occurs in dead organisms.

A

false

33
Q

what takes place in dead organisms (2)

A

heterolysis and autolysis

34
Q

decreased oxygen supply

A

hypoxia

35
Q

causes of hypoxia (4)

A
  1. ischemia
  2. anemia
  3. carbon monoxide poisoning
  4. poor oxygenation of blood due to pulmonary disease
36
Q

decreased blood supply to or from the organ.

A

ischemia

37
Q

causes of ischemia (2)

A
  1. arterial blood flow obstruction

2. decreased perfusion of tissues by oxygen carrying blood

38
Q

decreased in the number of oxygen carrying red blood cells

A

anemia

39
Q

this compound reduces the oxygen capacity of red blood cells by chemical alteration of hemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide

40
Q

types of necrosis (5)

A
  1. coagulative
  2. liquefactive
  3. fat
  4. casseous
  5. gangrenous
41
Q

results from sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ.

A

coagulative necrosis

42
Q

characterized by the general preservation of the tissue architecture

A

coagulative necrosis

43
Q

usually, the organ is hard when dissected. what type of necrosis.

A

coagulative necrosis

44
Q

characterized by the digestion of tissues.

A

liquefactive necrosis

45
Q

shows softening and liquefaction of tissues.

A

liquefactive necrosis

46
Q

results from the ischemic injury of the CNS

A

liquefactive necrosis

47
Q

occurs in suppurative infections and shows formation of pus.

A

liquefactive necrosis

48
Q

can be associated with bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection

A

liquefactive necrosis

49
Q

caused by trauma to cells with high fat content

A

fat necrosis

50
Q

can also be caused by acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A

fat necrosis

51
Q

disease caused by the diffusion of pancreatic enzymes into the inflamed tissue and digesting it.

A

acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

52
Q

true or false. fat necrosis usually denotes a type of necrosis and can not describe the destruction of fat due to pancreatic lipases.

A

false

53
Q

has cheese like appearance to the naked eye.

A

casseous necrosis

54
Q

occurs when the immune system and the body cannot successfully remove the foreign noxious stimuli

A

casseous necrosis

55
Q

typical of tuberculosis

A

casseous necrosis

56
Q

does not demonstrate a specific pattern of cell death but is preferably used in clinical practice to describe a condition

A

gangrenous necrosis

57
Q

describes the damage that has occurred to the extremeties, especially to the lower extremeties where there is ischemia

A

gangrenous necrosis

58
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

59
Q

death of single cells within clusters of cells

A

apoptosis

60
Q

death of clusters of cells

A

necrosis

61
Q

cells show shrinkage and increased acidophlis staining of the cell

A

apoptosis

62
Q

followed by fragmentation of cells and these fragments are called apoptotic bodies

A

apoptosis

63
Q

occurs at physiological processes for removal of the cells during embryogenesis and menstruation

A

apoptosis

64
Q

form of cell death that is generally triggered by normal healthy processes in the body

A

apoptosis

65
Q

often occurs in many adjacent cells in an area

A

necrosis

66
Q

occurs in single cells

A

apoptosis

67
Q

passive response

A

necrosis

68
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

69
Q

does not require ATP

A

necrosis

70
Q

requires ATP

A

apoptosis

71
Q

disruption of organelles

A

necrosis

72
Q

no loss of membrane integrity

A

apoptosis

73
Q

release of cell contents

A

necrosis

74
Q

little release of cell contents

A

apoptosis

75
Q

strong inflammatory response

A

necrosis

76
Q

little inflammation

A

apoptosis

HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (6 decks)

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