HISTOPATH LAB - LESSON 2 Flashcards
possible outcomes of cells when exposed to an injurious agent. (3)
- the cell may adapt to the situation.
- the cell may acquire reversible injury
- the cell may obtain irreversible injury and may die.
types of cellular adaptation
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
increase in cell size of the cells
hypertrophy
increase workload leads to increased protein synthesis and increased size and intracellular organelles which leads to increase cell size of the organ.
hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells.
hyperplasia
caused by hormonal stimulation.
hyperplasia
it can be physiological, such as enlargement of breast or pathological such as endometrial hyperplasia.
hyperplasia
decrease in the size of the cell.
atrophy
replacement of one differentiated tissue with another differentiated tissue.
metaplasia
types of metaplasia.
- physiological metaplasia
2. pathological metaplasia
refers to the normal type of cell maturation.
physiological metaplasia
refers to the abnormal type of cell maturation.
pathological metaplasia
the columnar epithelium cell of the endocervix metaplasia becomes what when exposed to acidic environment.
squamous epithelial cell
the ciliated columnar epithelial cell of the respiratory epithelium becomes what during smoking.
squamous epithelial cell
two types of reversible cellular changes
- fatty acids
2. accumulation of pigments
where does triglycerides accumulate
parenchymal cells
what are the causes of accumulation of triglycerides inside the parenchymal cells.
imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.
caused by the imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.
fatty acids / accumulation of triglycerides
fatty change is usually seen where
kidney, liver and heart
fatty liver may be caused by what
alcohol, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, obesity and poisoning
etiologies cause accumulation of fat in the heterocytes by the following mechanisms (4)
- increased uptake of triglycerides into the parenchymal cells
- decreased use of fat by cells
- overproduction of fat in cell
- decrease in the secretion of fat from the cells.
a yellowish pigment produced mainly because of the degradation of hemoglobin
bilirubin
it causes yellow discoloration to the solerae, mucosae and internal organs
excess accumulation of bilirubin
yellowish discoloration is called
jaundice
causes of jaundice (3)
- hemolytic anemia
- biliary obstruction
- hepatocellular
it is the increase in the destruction of red blood cells
hemolytic anemia
obstruction of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts and is caused by gall stones
biliary obstruction
caused by the failure in the configuration of bilirubin
hepatocellular
two types of irreversible cellular changes
- necrosis
2. apoptosis
characterized by excess fluid enters, swells it, ruptures it and kills it.
necrosis
after the cell had died, what occurs within the living agent.
intracellular degradative reactions
true or false. necrosis also occurs in dead organisms.
false
what takes place in dead organisms (2)
heterolysis and autolysis
decreased oxygen supply
hypoxia
causes of hypoxia (4)
- ischemia
- anemia
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- poor oxygenation of blood due to pulmonary disease
decreased blood supply to or from the organ.
ischemia
causes of ischemia (2)
- arterial blood flow obstruction
2. decreased perfusion of tissues by oxygen carrying blood
decreased in the number of oxygen carrying red blood cells
anemia
this compound reduces the oxygen capacity of red blood cells by chemical alteration of hemoglobin
carbon monoxide
types of necrosis (5)
- coagulative
- liquefactive
- fat
- casseous
- gangrenous
results from sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ.
coagulative necrosis
characterized by the general preservation of the tissue architecture
coagulative necrosis
usually, the organ is hard when dissected. what type of necrosis.
coagulative necrosis
characterized by the digestion of tissues.
liquefactive necrosis
shows softening and liquefaction of tissues.
liquefactive necrosis
results from the ischemic injury of the CNS
liquefactive necrosis
occurs in suppurative infections and shows formation of pus.
liquefactive necrosis
can be associated with bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection
liquefactive necrosis
caused by trauma to cells with high fat content
fat necrosis
can also be caused by acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
fat necrosis
disease caused by the diffusion of pancreatic enzymes into the inflamed tissue and digesting it.
acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
true or false. fat necrosis usually denotes a type of necrosis and can not describe the destruction of fat due to pancreatic lipases.
false
has cheese like appearance to the naked eye.
casseous necrosis
occurs when the immune system and the body cannot successfully remove the foreign noxious stimuli
casseous necrosis
typical of tuberculosis
casseous necrosis
does not demonstrate a specific pattern of cell death but is preferably used in clinical practice to describe a condition
gangrenous necrosis
describes the damage that has occurred to the extremeties, especially to the lower extremeties where there is ischemia
gangrenous necrosis
programmed cell death
apoptosis
death of single cells within clusters of cells
apoptosis
death of clusters of cells
necrosis
cells show shrinkage and increased acidophlis staining of the cell
apoptosis
followed by fragmentation of cells and these fragments are called apoptotic bodies
apoptosis
occurs at physiological processes for removal of the cells during embryogenesis and menstruation
apoptosis
form of cell death that is generally triggered by normal healthy processes in the body
apoptosis
often occurs in many adjacent cells in an area
necrosis
occurs in single cells
apoptosis
passive response
necrosis
programmed cell death
apoptosis
does not require ATP
necrosis
requires ATP
apoptosis
disruption of organelles
necrosis
no loss of membrane integrity
apoptosis
release of cell contents
necrosis
little release of cell contents
apoptosis
strong inflammatory response
necrosis
little inflammation
apoptosis
