HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 2 Flashcards
Pathology is derived from two Greek words–
Pathos
Logos
Pathos means
Suffering-Disease
Logos means
study
Pathology
scientific study of structure and function of the body in disease
Who discovered the existence of major human blood groups
Carl Landsteiner
Father of Clinical Pathology
Paul Ehrlich
Father of Museum in Pathology
John Hunter
Father of Blood Transfusion
Carl Landsteiner
Father of Cellular Pathology
Rudolf Virchow
Father of CPCs
Giovanni B. Morgagni
Father of Exfoliative Cytology
George N. Papanicolaou
Conferred Noble prize for his work in immunology
Paul Ehrlich
proposed cellular theory of disease
Rudolf Virchow
developed Pap test for diagnosis of cancer and uterine cervix
George N. Papanicolaou
Introduced clinicopathologic methodology in the study of disease by correlation of clinical findings at post mortem examination
Giovanni B. Morgagni
Subdivisions of Pathology (2)
General pathology
Systemic pathology
largest branch of pathology
human pathology
defined as an abnormal variation in structure or function of any part of the body
Disease
dealing with general principles of disease
General pathology
deals with the study of diseases pertaining to specific organs and body systems
Systemic pathology
Four aspects of disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic changes
Functional dearrangements and clinical significance
the cause of a disease is known
primary etiology
the cause of a disease is unknown
idiopathic
two major classes of etiologic factors
Genetic
Acquired
the mechanism through which the cause operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations.
Pathogenesis
refers to the structural alterations in cells and tissues
Morphologic changes
T or F
Morphologic changes cannot be used by the pathologist to identify the disease.
F
CAN BE
Changes that can be seen with the naked eye
Gross morphologic changes
Changes that can be seen under the microscope
Microscopic changes
The morphologic changes will lead to
functional alterations and clinical signs and symptoms of disease
the morphologic changes influence the normal function of organ, by doing so, they determine:
the clinical features, course, and prognosis of disease
four aspects of disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Microscopic change
Functional dearrangements and clinical significance
study of cells from various body sites to determine the cause and nature of the disease
Cytopathologic techniques
what should be done once the tissue is removed by the patient
it has to be immediately fixed in an adequate amount of 10% formaldehyde before sending it to pathologist
T or F
Once the tissue arrives at the pathology department, the pathologist will examine it microscopically
F
Macroscopically
studies tissues under the microscope
Histopathological technique
tissues for histopath examination are obtained by:
biopsy
is a tissue sample from a living person to identify the disease
biopsy
a biopsy can be either:
incisional or excisional
advantages of cytologic examinations
cheap
takes less time
needs no anesthesia to take specimens
complementary to histopathological exam
Cythopath methods
FNAC
Exfoliative cytology
Abrasive cytology
the method by which abnormalities of the cells of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow are investigated to diagnose the diff kinds of anemia and leukemia
Hematological examination
method is used to detect a specific antigen in the tissue
Immunohistochemistry
examination of the dead to identify the cause of death
autopsy
used to detect genetic diseases
molecular techniques
the method by which body fluids, excised tissues are examined by microscopically, cultural, and serological techniques to identify micro organism responsible for many diseases
Microbiological examinations
the method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine etc
biochemical examinations
the method by which inherited chromosomal abnormalities in the germ cells or acquired chromosomal abnormalities in somatic cells are investigated
Cytogentetics / Clinical genetics
diseases can be caused either :
environmental or genetic factors
environmetal causes of disease are many and are classified into:
physical agents chemicals nutritional deficiency and excesses infections and infestations immunological factors psychogenic factors
these agents apply excess physical agents in any form to the body
physical agents
physical agents includes:
trauma, extremes of temperature, radiation and electric power.
nutritional deficiencies may arise as a result of:
poor supply
interference with absorption
inefficient transport within the body
defective utilization
dietary excess cause:
obesity
obesity attendant dangers:
type 2 diabetes
high blood pressure
heart disease
essential for protection against microorganisms and parasites
immune process
the abnormalities of the immune system include:
hypersensitivity reaction
immunodeficiency
autoimmunity
exaggerated immune response to an antigen
hypersensitivity reaction
due to deficiency of a component of the immune system which leads to increased susceptibility to different diseases
immunodeficiency
abnormal immune reaction against the self-antigens of the host.
autoimmunity
the mental stresses imposed by the conditions of life
psychogenic factors
reversible transmission between life and biological death
clinical death
period of respiratory, circulatory and brain arrest during which initiation of resuscitation can lead to recovery
clinical death
sure sign of death
biological death
applications of cytopath
screening of asymptomatic cancer/ early detection
diagnosis of symptomatic cancer
surveillance of patients treated for cancer
cells are obtained by aspirating the diseased organ using a very thin needle under negative pressure
FNAC/ fine-needle aspiration cytology
superficial organs
thyroid, skin, lymph nodes, breast, soft tissues
deep organs
lung, mediastinum, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, retroperitoneum
advantages of FNAC
CHEAP
FAST
ACCURATE IN DIAGNOSING MANY DISEASES
