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HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 2 > Flashcards

HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is derived from two Greek words–

A

Pathos

Logos

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2
Q

Pathos means

A

Suffering-Disease

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3
Q

Logos means

A

study

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4
Q

Pathology

A

scientific study of structure and function of the body in disease

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5
Q

Who discovered the existence of major human blood groups

A

Carl Landsteiner

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6
Q

Father of Clinical Pathology

A

Paul Ehrlich

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7
Q

Father of Museum in Pathology

A

John Hunter

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8
Q

Father of Blood Transfusion

A

Carl Landsteiner

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9
Q

Father of Cellular Pathology

A

Rudolf Virchow

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10
Q

Father of CPCs

A

Giovanni B. Morgagni

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11
Q

Father of Exfoliative Cytology

A

George N. Papanicolaou

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12
Q

Conferred Noble prize for his work in immunology

A

Paul Ehrlich

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13
Q

proposed cellular theory of disease

A

Rudolf Virchow

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14
Q

developed Pap test for diagnosis of cancer and uterine cervix

A

George N. Papanicolaou

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15
Q

Introduced clinicopathologic methodology in the study of disease by correlation of clinical findings at post mortem examination

A

Giovanni B. Morgagni

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16
Q

Subdivisions of Pathology (2)

A

General pathology

Systemic pathology

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17
Q

largest branch of pathology

A

human pathology

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18
Q

defined as an abnormal variation in structure or function of any part of the body

A

Disease

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19
Q

dealing with general principles of disease

A

General pathology

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20
Q

deals with the study of diseases pertaining to specific organs and body systems

A

Systemic pathology

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21
Q

Four aspects of disease

A

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphologic changes
Functional dearrangements and clinical significance

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22
Q

the cause of a disease is known

A

primary etiology

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23
Q

the cause of a disease is unknown

A

idiopathic

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24
Q

two major classes of etiologic factors

A

Genetic

Acquired

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25
Q

the mechanism through which the cause operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations.

A

Pathogenesis

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26
Q

refers to the structural alterations in cells and tissues

A

Morphologic changes

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27
Q

T or F

Morphologic changes cannot be used by the pathologist to identify the disease.

A

F

CAN BE

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28
Q

Changes that can be seen with the naked eye

A

Gross morphologic changes

29
Q

Changes that can be seen under the microscope

A

Microscopic changes

30
Q

The morphologic changes will lead to

A

functional alterations and clinical signs and symptoms of disease

31
Q

the morphologic changes influence the normal function of organ, by doing so, they determine:

A

the clinical features, course, and prognosis of disease

32
Q

four aspects of disease

A

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Microscopic change
Functional dearrangements and clinical significance

33
Q

study of cells from various body sites to determine the cause and nature of the disease

A

Cytopathologic techniques

34
Q

what should be done once the tissue is removed by the patient

A

it has to be immediately fixed in an adequate amount of 10% formaldehyde before sending it to pathologist

35
Q

T or F

Once the tissue arrives at the pathology department, the pathologist will examine it microscopically

A

F

Macroscopically

36
Q

studies tissues under the microscope

A

Histopathological technique

37
Q

tissues for histopath examination are obtained by:

A

biopsy

38
Q

is a tissue sample from a living person to identify the disease

A

biopsy

39
Q

a biopsy can be either:

A

incisional or excisional

40
Q

advantages of cytologic examinations

A

cheap
takes less time
needs no anesthesia to take specimens
complementary to histopathological exam

41
Q

Cythopath methods

A

FNAC
Exfoliative cytology
Abrasive cytology

42
Q

the method by which abnormalities of the cells of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow are investigated to diagnose the diff kinds of anemia and leukemia

A

Hematological examination

43
Q

method is used to detect a specific antigen in the tissue

A

Immunohistochemistry

44
Q

examination of the dead to identify the cause of death

A

autopsy

45
Q

used to detect genetic diseases

A

molecular techniques

46
Q

the method by which body fluids, excised tissues are examined by microscopically, cultural, and serological techniques to identify micro organism responsible for many diseases

A

Microbiological examinations

47
Q

the method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine etc

A

biochemical examinations

48
Q

the method by which inherited chromosomal abnormalities in the germ cells or acquired chromosomal abnormalities in somatic cells are investigated

A

Cytogentetics / Clinical genetics

49
Q

diseases can be caused either :

A

environmental or genetic factors

50
Q

environmetal causes of disease are many and are classified into:

A 
physical agents
chemicals
nutritional deficiency and excesses
infections and infestations
immunological factors
psychogenic factors
51
Q

these agents apply excess physical agents in any form to the body

A

physical agents

52
Q

physical agents includes:

A

trauma, extremes of temperature, radiation and electric power.

53
Q

nutritional deficiencies may arise as a result of:

A

poor supply
interference with absorption
inefficient transport within the body
defective utilization

54
Q

dietary excess cause:

A

obesity

55
Q

obesity attendant dangers:

A

type 2 diabetes
high blood pressure
heart disease

56
Q

essential for protection against microorganisms and parasites

A

immune process

57
Q

the abnormalities of the immune system include:

A

hypersensitivity reaction
immunodeficiency
autoimmunity

58
Q

exaggerated immune response to an antigen

A

hypersensitivity reaction

59
Q

due to deficiency of a component of the immune system which leads to increased susceptibility to different diseases

A

immunodeficiency

60
Q

abnormal immune reaction against the self-antigens of the host.

A

autoimmunity

61
Q

the mental stresses imposed by the conditions of life

A

psychogenic factors

62
Q

reversible transmission between life and biological death

A

clinical death

63
Q

period of respiratory, circulatory and brain arrest during which initiation of resuscitation can lead to recovery

A

clinical death

64
Q

sure sign of death

A

biological death

65
Q

applications of cytopath

A

screening of asymptomatic cancer/ early detection
diagnosis of symptomatic cancer
surveillance of patients treated for cancer

66
Q

cells are obtained by aspirating the diseased organ using a very thin needle under negative pressure

A

FNAC/ fine-needle aspiration cytology

67
Q

superficial organs

A

thyroid, skin, lymph nodes, breast, soft tissues

68
Q

deep organs

A

lung, mediastinum, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, retroperitoneum

69
Q

advantages of FNAC

A

CHEAP
FAST
ACCURATE IN DIAGNOSING MANY DISEASES

HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (6 decks)

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