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HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES > HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 3 (AUTOPSY) > Flashcards

HISTOPATH LEC - LESSON 3 (AUTOPSY) Flashcards

1
Q

a surgical procedure to obtain tissue from a living organism for its microscopical examination, usually to perform a diagnosis.

A

Biopsy

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2
Q

Indications of Biopsy

A
  1. Inflammatory changes of unknown cause that persist for long periods
  2. Lesion that interfere with local function
  3. Bone lesions not specifically identified by clinical and radiographic findings
  4. Any lesion that has the characteristics of malignancy
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3
Q

lesion is totally red or has a speckled red appearance

A

Erythroplasia

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4
Q

lesion is ulcerated or presents as an ulcer.

A

Ulceration

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5
Q

lesion has persisted for more than two weeks.

A

Duration

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6
Q

lesion exhibits rapid growth

A

Growth rate

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7
Q

lesion bleeds on gentle manipulation

A

Bleeding

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8
Q

lesion and surrounding tissue is firm to the touch

A

Induration

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9
Q

lesion feels attached to adjacent structures

A

Fixation

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10
Q

four major types of biopsy

A
  • cytology,
  • aspiration biopsy,
  • incisional biopsy,
  • and excisional biopsy
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11
Q

typically used as an adjunct to, not a substitute for, incisional or excisional biopsy procedures

A

Oral Cytology

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12
Q

allows examination of individual cells, but cannot provide the histologic features crucial for an accurate and definitive diagnosis.

A

Cytology

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13
Q

Developed as a diagnostic screening procedure to monitor large tissue areas for dysplastic changes.

A

Oral Cytology

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14
Q

Lesions that lend themselves to cytologic examination may include:

A

post-radiation changes, herpes, fungal infections, and pemphigus

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15
Q

Advantages of Oral Cytology

A

 Cytology may be helpful when large areas of mucosal change are noted, or in areas with difficult surgical access.

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16
Q

Disadvantages of Oral Cytology

A
  1. Not very reliable with many false positives.

2. Expertise in oral cytology is not widely available

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17
Q

the use of a needle and syringe to remove a sample of cells or contents of a lesion.

A

Aspiration Biopsy

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18
Q

The inability to withdraw fluid or air indicates that the lesion is what

A

probably solid

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19
Q

Indications of Aspiration Biopsy

A
  1. To determine the presence of fluid within a lesion
  2. To a certain the type of fluid within a lesion
  3. When exploration of an intraosseous lesion is indicated
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20
Q

A radiolucent lesion in the jaw that yields straw colored fluid on aspiration is most likely what

A

cystic lesion

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21
Q

The aspiration of blood might indicate what

A

vascular malformation

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22
Q

The intent of this type of biopsy is to sample only a representative portion of the lesion.

A

incisional biopsy

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23
Q

well suited for diagnosis of oral manifestations of mucocutaneous and vesiculoulcerative diseases, such as lichen planus, pemphigus, etc.

A

Punch Biopsy

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24
Q

This is done by applying Firm pressure with a circular brush is applied, rotated five to ten times, causing light abrasion.

A

Brush Biopsy

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25
Q

Disadvantage of using punch biopsy

A

difficult to obtain adequate, representative tissue deeper than the superficial lamina propria .

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26
Q

Biopsy report includes

A
  1. the name of the clinician,
  2. date the specimen was obtained
  3. pertinent characteristics of the specimen.
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27
Q

Indications of Incisional Biopsy

A
  1. Whenever the lesion is difficult to excise because of its extensive size
  2. In cases where appropriate excisional surgical management requires hospitalization or complicated wound management.
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28
Q

Indications of Excisional Biopsy

A
  1. Should be employed with small lesions. Less than 1cm
  2. The lesion on clinical exam appears benign.
  3. When complete excision with a margin of normal tissue is possible without mutilation.
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29
Q

autopsy is also known as

A

post mortem examination, necropsy or obduction

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30
Q

a medical procedure that consists of a examination of a dead body to determine the cause & manner of death & to evaluate any disease

A

autopsy

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31
Q

autopsy is performed by a specialized doctor medical called

A

pathologist

32
Q

it determines the cause, mode and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes

A

autopsy

33
Q

“autopsy”

A

to see for oneself

34
Q

“necropsy”

A

seeing a dead body

35
Q

Purpose of Autopsy (7)

A

Autopsies are performed for either legal or medical purposes. Autopsies can be performed when any of the following information is desired:

  1. Determine if death was natural or unnatural
  2. Injury source and extent on the corpse
  3. Manner of death must be determined
  4. Time since death
  5. Establish identity of deceased
  6. Retain relevant organs
  7. If infant, determine live birth and viability.
36
Q

Autopsy is performed in certain cases such as (5)

A
  1. Committed suicide
  2. Unknown cause of death
  3. Unknown dead bodies
  4. Homicide (The killing of one human being by another)
  5. The organs are tissues of the body are examined to established the exact cause of death , to learn more about a disease
37
Q

External examination of dead body without incisions, fluids can be collected with the helpof needle.

A

Post mortem

38
Q

Rules of Medico - Legal Autopsy (9)

A
  1. Authorization.
  2. Identification.
  3. Visit of scene of crime.
  4. History of the case.
  5. Verification of the injuries noted by the police.
  6. Examination.
  7. Notes.
  8. Preservation of viscera and other tissue.
  9. List of artifacts.
39
Q

Types of Autopsy (6)

A
  1. Postmortem examination
  2. Psychological autopsy
  3. Medical /clinical/ pathological / hospital autopsy.
  4. Virtual Autopsy
  5. Anatomical autopsy
  6. Medico legal autopsy
40
Q

Carried on a patient who dies in a hospital

A

medical / academic autopsy

41
Q

Objectives of Medical / Academic Autopsy

A
  1. To determine the cause of death.
  2. To confirm or establish the clinical diagnosis
  3. To evaluate the effects of treatment given during life.
  4. Performed by a pathologist’ with consent of relatives.
42
Q

performed to study normal structure of human body.

A

anatomical autopsy

43
Q

Anatomist and medical students perform this.

A

anatomical autopsy

44
Q

undertaken on alleged cases of suicide to know about the mental status of deceased at the time of death.

A

psychological autopsy

45
Q

Psychological autopsy is performed to know about :

A
  1. Background of person
  2. His habits ,mental status, personality, character.
  3. Relation to others
46
Q

Examination of external surfaces of corpse by inspection incision without giving examination.

A

postmortem examination

47
Q

Essential examination of dead body, to rule out or establish foul play in death.

A

medico - legal autopsy

48
Q

It is performed in pursuance of law to establish the cause and manner of death and also to establish or rule out foul.

A

medico - legal autopsy

49
Q

Three main types of medico - legal autopsy

A
  1. Forensic
  2. Clinical/Academic
  3. Coroner’s
50
Q

No family permission is required to complete this type of autopsy

A

forensic

51
Q

carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter such as accident or burns.

A

forensic

52
Q

usually performed in hospitals for research & study purposes

A

clinical / academic

53
Q

To complete this type of autopsy, permission from the deceased’s legal next of kin is needed

A

clinical / academic

54
Q

type of autopsy involves cases where no medical cause of death is readily available

A

coroner’s

55
Q

Long term storage of dead bodies temperature and purpose

A
  • 20 C; for preservation
56
Q

Short term storage of dead bodies temperature and purpose

A

+ 4 C; for autopsy purpose

57
Q

This incision / approach approach is most often used in forensic autopsies so as to allow maximum exposure of neck structures for later detailed examination.

A

y - shaped incision

58
Q

This incision made from the tips of both shoulder, in a horizontal line across the region of the collar bones to meet at sternum in the middle.

A

t shaped

59
Q

a plastic or rubber brick placed under the back of the body, causing the arms & neck to fall backward while stretching & pushing the chest upward to make it easier to cut open

A

body block

60
Q

Post mortem signs of death

A

pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis livor mortis

61
Q

Post mortem signs of death occur in the first _________ after death.

A

24 to 48 hrs

62
Q

the first sign of death

A

pallor mortis

63
Q

post mortem sign of death. the heart stops beating, the circulation of blood throughout the body decreases

A

pallor mortis

64
Q

second sign of death

A

algor mortis

65
Q

post mortem sign of death. not an accurate way to back calculate the time of death

A

algor mortis

66
Q

third sign of death

A

rigor mortis

67
Q

means stiff death

A

rigor mortis

68
Q

post mortem sign of death. contraction of the muscles in the body after death

A

rigor mortis

69
Q

fourth sign of death

A

livor mortis

70
Q

this color develops because of hemoglobin forms deoxyhemoglobin

A

purple

71
Q

can be very useful for determining time of death

A

livor mortis

72
Q

the process of breakdown of proteins and liquefaction of most organs

A

putrefaction

73
Q

process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter.

A

decomposition

74
Q

process is completed when all soft tissues have been eliminated, leaving only disarticulated bones.

A

skeletonization

75
Q

Characteristics of lesions that raise the suspicion of malignancy (7):

A 
Erythroplasia
Ulceration
Duration
Growth rate
Bleeding
Induration
Fixation

HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES (6 decks)

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