Histopath 1S: Fundamentals of Histology

Question 1

Purpose of a neutrophil?

Answer 1

• Acute inflammation

Question 2

Function of Lymphocytes and plasma cells?

Question 3

Function of eosinophils?

Answer 3

• Allergic reactions e.g. Eosinophilic oesophagitis
• Parasitic infections
• Tumours (i.e. Hodgkin’s disease) – more as a reaction to tumours

Question 4

Function of mast cells?

Answer 4

Welts and rashes (i.e. urticaria)

Question 5

Function of Macrophages?

Answer 5

• Late acute inflammation
• Chronic inflammation (inc. granulomas [organised collection of activated macrophages])
• Ziehl-Neelson stain (an acid-fast stain to differentiate sarcoid and TB)

Question 6

What is a Ziehl-Neelson stain used for?

Answer 6

Ziehl-Neelson stain (an acid-fast stain to differentiate sarcoid and TB)

Question 7

Name some types of tumours, ontologically (by cell of origin).

Answer 7

• carcinoma
• sarcoma
• lymphoma
• melanoma
• etc

Question 8

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 8

malignant tumours of epithelial cells

Question 9

How do you differentiate between squamous cell carcinoma and epthelial cell carcinoma histologically?

Answer 9

Squamous cell carcinomas =

• keratin production
• intercellular bridges

Adenocarcinomas =

• mucin production
• glands

Question 10

name some types of squamous cells carcinoma origins with keratin

Answer 10

skin

Question 11

name some types of squamous cells carcinoma origins without keratin

Answer 11

oesophagus, anus, cervix, vagina

Question 12

names some organ origins of adenocarcinomas

Answer 12

lung, breast, stomach, colon, pancreas, etc.

Question 13

what is a mucin stain used for?

Answer 13

Mucin stain to differentiate from SCC (which has no mucin production

Question 14

what is the fontana stain used for?

Answer 14

• Fontana stain for melanin

Question 15

What is the TTF-1 stain used for?

Answer 15

• TTF-1 stain for adenocarcinoma of lung

Question 16

What is a histochemical stain?

Answer 16

• Based on reaction between stain and component of tissue
• Reaction creates specific colour to be identified

Question 17

What is a immunohistochemical stain?

Answer 17

• Based on antibodies matching to specific antigens on tissue
• Need detection system to make binding visible

Question 18

Name some examples of histochemical stains

Answer 18

• H&E (Haematoxylin and Eosin)
• Copper = Rhodanine stain
• Haemochromatosis = Prussian Blue Iron Stain
• Amyloid = Congo Red Stain à Apple Green birefringence
• Brucellosis = Castaneda medium
• A1AT, Candida = Periodic Acid Schiff stain

Question 19

Name some examples of immunohistochemical stains

Answer 19

• I.E. Lymphoid marker = CD45
• I.E. Epithelial cell marker = cytokeratins
• I.E. Neuroendocrine marker = chromogranin stain
  
  • MEN 1, insulinomas,
  • Phaeochromocytoma