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Histology with photos Flashcards

1
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Alcian Blue

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2
Q

IMMS

What is Alcian Blue commonly used to stain

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) rich things

Mucous

Mast Cells

Cartilage

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3
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Eosin

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4
Q

IMMS

What is Eosin commonly used to stain and what substances are stained pink?

A

Colloidal proteins

Plasma

Basic/acidophilic substances (also called eosinophilic)

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5
Q

IMMS

What stain was used on this slide?

A

Iron Haematoxylin

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6
Q

IMMS

What is Iron Haematoxylin commonly used to stain?

A

Nuclei and elastic fibres (black)

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7
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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8
Q

IMMS

What is Periodic Acid Schiff commonly used to stain?

A

Hexose sugars (complex carbs)

Goblet cell mucins

Cartilage matrix

Glycogen

Basement membranes

Brush border

(magenta)

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9
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Romanovsky/Leishman’s

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10
Q

IMMS

What is Romanowsky/Leishman’s commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

BLOOD FILMS

Chromatin/nuclei and neutrophil granules - purple

Erythrocytes/eosin granules - red/pink

Lymphocyte/monocyte plasma - pale blue

Basophil granules - dark blue/purple

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11
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Toluidine Blue

P.S. probably one of the less important ones

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12
Q

IMMS

What is Toluidine Blue commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

Nuclei/Ribosomes - dark blue

Cytoplasm - pale blue

Cartilage/matrix/mast cell/GAG rich - bright purple

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13
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Van Gieson’s Trichrome with Haematoxylin Counter Stain

P.S. yeah this one is probably not v important too

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14
Q

IMMS

What is Van Gieson’s Trichrome with Haematoxylin Counter stain commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

Collagen - pink/red

Cell cytoplasm - yellow/olive green

Nuclei - black

Elastic tissue - dark brown

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15
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Haematoxylin

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16
Q

IMMS

What is Haematoxylin commonly used to stain? What structures are stain blue in general

A

Nuclei and RNA

Basophilic Structures = blue

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17
Q

IMMS

What stain was used on this slide?

A

Silver Stain

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18
Q

IMMS

What is shown on this slide?

A

Neurons

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19
Q

IMMS

How big are neurons?

A

large - 26-60 microns

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20
Q

IMMS

How many dendritic processes do neurons normally have? Can you see all of them?

A

1-5

No because of the slide thickness

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21
Q

IMMS

List two properties of the structures in the image

A

Neurons - metabolically active and fully differentiated

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22
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

IMMS

How large are the structures in this image?

A

Lymphocytes - small, 5 microns

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24
Q

IMMS

List three properties of the structures in this image

A

Contain little cytoplasm - dormant and not fully differentiated

They are metabolically active

They contain minimal Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25
# IMMS Name the main 2 types of epithelia and their main properties and functions
Epithelium functions as a barrier Simple: * single layer * absorption and secretion Stratified: * multi-layered * protection
26
# IMMS What epithelium is shown in this image?
Simple columnar
27
# IMMS What are the main properties differentiating this epithelium from other types?
Simple columnar: * taller than wide * oval nucleus * often microvilli or cilia at the apical membrane
28
# IMMS Where would you expect to find this type of epithelia?
In gut enterocytes and respiratory tract
29
# IMMS Where would you find this epithelium?
Intestines (intestinal epithelium)
30
# IMMS How would you differentiate between the epithelium of small and large intestines?
Large has more goblet cells
31
# IMMS What does this epithelium show?
Enterocytes with goblet cells and microvilli on the apical surface
32
# IMMS What is the role of the basement membrane?
It provides a permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
33
# IMMS What is the brush border?
Microvilli on the apical surface
34
# IMMS What is the function of the brush border?
Increases surface area Attachment of exo-enzymes
35
# IMMS What stain was used on this slide?
Periodic Acid Schiff and Haematoxylin
36
# IMMS What does this slide show?
Microvilli/Intestinal Epithelium Microvilli w/ carbohydrate-rich glycocalyx Goblet cells and basement membrane rich in hexose
37
# IMMS Which stain was used in this slide?
H&E and Alcian Blue
38
# IMMS What kind of epithelium does this slide show?
Ciliated simple columnar with golbet cells and cilia
39
# IMMS Where can you find this type of epithelium?
Ciliated simple columnar: * nose * larynx * bronchial tree * fallopian tubes
40
# IMMS How big are cilia and how do they move?
2 microns Move by tubulin and dynein
41
# IMMS What kind of epithelium does this slide show?
Cuboidal epithelium
42
# IMMS What are the main properties of cuboidal epithelium?
square round nucleus
43
# IMMS Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?
Ducts of exocrine organs - sweat glands, salivary and pancreas Kidney tissue
44
# IMMS What kind of epithelium does this slide show?
Simple squamous (serosa)
45
# IMMS Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?
Simple squamous: * Outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs * Lining pleular and peritoneal cavities * Air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
46
# IMMS What are the main properites of squamous epithelium?
Flattened (plate-like) Cylindrical/Elliptical nuclei at base of cell
47
# IMMS What does this image show?
Alveoli - the air-blood barrier
48
# IMMS What does the septa of the air-blood barrier consist of and how thick is it usually?
capillaries covered up by simple squamous epithelium, usually 1 micron thick
49
# IMMS What is the overall thickness of the air-blood barrier?
5-10 microns
50
# IMMS What does the air-blood barrier consist of?
2x capillary endothelial cells 2 x Type 1 pneumocytes and capillary lumen
51
# IMMS What kind of epithelium is shown in this image?
Stratified squamous
52
# IMMS Where can you find this type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous: * mouth * throat * oesophagus * anus * vagina
53
# IMMS How are cells replaced in stratified squamous epithelium?
There is a basal layer of stem cells (mitosis capable) Cells are replaced from below Dead cells are sloughed off from the top
54
# IMMS What are the two sub-types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinising and non-keratinising
55
# IMMS What kind of epithelium is shown on this slide?
Keratinised squamous epithelium
56
# IMMS Where can you find this type of epithelium?
Keratinised squamous: In the epidermis
57
# IMMS How is the keratin layer in keratinised epithelia formed?
upper layers synthesise a unique collection of proteins upper layers interact with the cytoskeleton of the cell
58
# IMMS What is keratin and what are its main properties?
Dense protein that filld the cytoplasm of cells It's tough and waterproof
59
# IMMS What is present at the boundary between the living cells and the keratin layer?
A layer with blue keratohyaline granules Stratum Granulosum
60
# IMMS Are there stem cells in keratinised stratified squamous epithelium? If so, where?
Yes, at the basal layers
61
# IMMS What kind of epithelium can you see in this slide?
Pseudostratified
62
# IMMS What are the main properties of pseudostratified epithelium?
Appears multilayered but every cell touches basement membrane - flattens when stretched
63
# IMMS Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?
trachea and bronchi (and urinary tract)
64
# IMMS What kind of epithelium lines the urinary tract?
Specialised urothelium - pseudostratified
65
# IMMS How can you distinguish stratified epithelium from pseudostratified?
In pseudo: * all cells are in contact with the basement membrane * cells replaced by lateral migration rather than vertical
66
# IMMS What are cell junctions and what are the three main types?
Attachments between adjacent cells, bound tightly together to prevent macromolecule or fluid movement Desmosomes, tight (adherent) and gap junctions
67
# IMMS What does this slide show?
Glands
68
# IMMS How do glands develop?
They have an epithelial origin - develop as ingrowths
69
# IMMS What is the role of ducts in glands
They connect the exocrine glands to the surface for product secretion
70
# IMMS What types of things can be secreted by these structures?
Glands: fluids, lubricants and enzymes
71
# IMMS How could you distinguish between mucus and serous glands?
Mucus - separate acini from serous, occasionally mixed; are pale and contain a flattened nucleus at base of cell Serous - are dark and contain round nuclei
72
# IMMS What is the role of collagen/elastin?
It provides an extracellular fibre scaffold
73
# IMMS What is collagen/elastin synthesised from?
Fibroblasts
74
# IMMS What is GAG and where is it synthesised?
Glycosaminoglycans - hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer in connective tissue matrix Synthesised in epithelial cells, muscle, cartilage and bone
75
# IMMS List examples of fibrous connective tissue
collagen elastin reticulin (black lines with silver stain)
76
# IMMS What are the main types of connective tissue?
Fibrous Loose irregular Dense irregular Dense regular Fatty (can also be soft or hard)
77
# IMMS Describe the appearance of loose irregular connective tissue
few visible fibres with random orientation
78
# IMMS Describe the appearance of dense irregular connective tissue
large number of fibres with only a little matrix, long, go in many directions fibres stain pink and can contain fibroblasts (w/ dark nuclei) alongside fibres not uniform thickness
79
# IMMS Describe the appearance of dense regular connective tissue
large number of fibres in thick, long, parallel bundles of collagen fibroblasts inbetween layers compact and regular
80
# IMMS Describe the appearance of fatty connective tissue
Mainly fat cells with intervening capillaries
81
# IMMS What type of connective tissue is present in this slide?
Dense irregular
82
# IMMS Where would you expect to find this type of connective tissue?
Dense irregular: dermis of scalp
83
# IMMS Are dense irregular connective tissue fibres intra- or extracellular?
Extracellular
84
# IMMS What tissue can be seen in this slide?
Dense regular connective tissue
85
# IMMS Is dense regular connective tissue collagen elastric or contractile?
Neither
86
# IMMS Describe the structure of collagen
Overlapping linear strands of tropocollagen arranged to fibrins extracellularly Overlapping gives rise to banding 3 linear polypeptide chains of tropocollagen in an alpha helix
87
# IMMS How is tropocollagen secreted?
From fibroblasts
88
# IMMS Where can you find Type 1 collagen?
Skin, bone, teeth and organ capsules
89
# IMMS Where can you find type 2 collagen?
Cartilage
90
# IMMS Where can you find type 3 collagen?
liver, kidney, spleen, arteries and uterus
91
# IMMS Where can you find type 4 collagen?
Basement membranes
92
# IMMS Where can you find type 5 collagen?
Placenta
93
# IMMS What connective tissue lines the penis erectile compartment?
Dense irregular - forms a capsule/sheath
94
# IMMS What kind of stain was used in this slide?
Silver stain
95
# IMMS What kind of collagen is present in this slide?
Reticulin - type 3 collagen
96
# IMMS How can you distinguish between type 1 and type 3 collagen?
Type 1 has coarser elements whereas type 3 has a fine framework
97
# IMMS How can you distinguish reticulin from other types of collagen?
reticulin forms branches fibres, most colalgens form linear fibres
98
# IMMS What is the function of reticulin?
it helps to maintain the shape and integrity of many organs by extracellular fibres
99
# IMMS This is a slide of a large elastic artery Describe what can be seen on this slide?
Microfibres of fibrillin set in amorphous matrix of elastin
100
# IMMS How are these fibres arranged?
elastic - in fine fibres or sheets
101
# IMMS Which stain was used in this slide?
Van Gieson's trichrome
102
# IMMS This slide is stained with Van Gieson's trichrome, what can be seen on this slide in dark brown staining?
Elastic fibres
103
# IMMS Which type of connective tissue can be seen on this slide?
Adipose tissue
104
# IMMS What are the two types of adipose tissue?
White and brown
105
# IMMS Which of the fatty tissues is more abundant?
In adults: white In new-borns: brown
106
# IMMS Describe the appearances of white and brown fatty tissue
White: * large cells with a single fat droplet * 60 microns * usually alongside capillaries Brown: * multi-locular - multiple droplets of fat per cell
107
# IMMS What is the function of brown fatty tissue?
Generation of heat via fat oxidation
108
# IMMS What is the function of white fatty tissue?
Protection of vital organs and energy store (insulation and packing)
109
# IMMS Where can you find brown fatty tissue in an adult?
chest and shoulder blade
110
# IMMS Which cells produce myelin for nerves?
CNS - oligodendrocytes PNS - Schwann cells
111
# IMMS Name structures A, B, C and D
A. schwann cell nucleus B. axon with myelin sheath C. unmyelinated axon D. myelin sheath
112
# IMMS How many Schwann cells are there per 1 axon?
Myelinated: 1 Unmyelinated: several
113
# IMMS How do unmyelinated axons differ from myelinated?
Myelinated usualy larger with increased velocity of conduction
114
# IMMS What are the characteristics of myelin and sphingomyelin?
Myelin: membranous, bilipid, proteins inserted between layers Sphingomyelin - predominantly phospholipid
115
# IMMS What is a mesaxon?
Where 2 limbs of schwann/oligo around axon fuse
116
# IMMS What does this slide show?
Peripheral nerves with mixed motor and sensory axons surrounded by Schwann cells
117
# IMMS What can be seen between the axons?
a connective tissue network of fibres and cells: endoneurium, perineurium and exoneurium
118
# IMMS How can you distinguish between fibroblasts and Schwann cells?
Fibroblasts have a flattened nucleus, schwann have a round nucleus
119
# IMMS Which stain was used in this slide?
Osmium Tetroxide
120
# IMMS What does this slide show?
A trasverse section of an isolated peripheral nerve
121
# IMMS What happens to the myelin sheath during processing with osmium tetroxide? What colour does it appear?
The lipids get extracted but myelin sheath becomes insoluble Brown/black
122
# IMMS What does a nerve fibre consist of?
Many axons, with perineurium
123
# IMMS What does a peripheral nerve consist of?
Many nerve fibres, with epineurium
124
# IMMS Which stain was used in this slide?
Osmium Tetroxide
125
# IMMS What does this slide show? What is the arrow pointing to?
A longitudinal section through an isolated peripheral nerve The arrow is pointing towards the Node of Ranvier
126
# IMMS What is the Node of Ranvier?
A constriction - boundary between one Schwann cell and the next
127
# IMMS What is the speed of conduction for myelinated and myelinated axons? Which one has a larger diameter?
Myelinated - 10-100 m/s Unmyelinated - 1-20 m/s Mylinated has a diameter (100x larger)
128
# IMMS What does the image show?
An electron micrograph of a synapse
129
# IMMS What does a synapse contain?
A large number of neuro-secretory vesicles at the presynaptic space
130
# IMMS What kind of stain was used in this slide?
Silver stain
131
# IMMS What does the slide show?
A nerve cell body
132
# IMMS Where can you find nerve cell bodies?
in CNS or in discrete ganglia close to the spinal cord in parasympathetic nervous system with clusters close to the organ innervated
133
# IMMS Why do neurons stain heavily with silver stain?
Silver stain has an affinity for cytoskeleton of cells, neurons have a developed cytoskeleton
134
# IMMS What do the oval shapes in the centre of the cell body in the slide show?
The pale, outer oval is the nucleus but nucleolus inside this is black
135
# IMMS How does the developed cytoskeleton aid nerves?
It's made up of microfilaments (tubulin and dynein) which aids in axonal transport of vesicles
136
# IMMS What are the different types of neurons and how many processes do they have?
Unipolar - sensory Bipolar - interneurons Multipolar - motor neurons
137
# IMMS Which stain was used in this slide?
H&E
138
# IMMS What does this slide show?
Sensory cell bodies at the dorsal root ganglion (but realistically all you need to know is that these are sensory cell bodies)
139
# IMMS What are the main features of this cell body?
Sensory: * large * one axon * one major dendrite
140
# IMMS How would you distinguish between a sensory nerve cell body and motor nerve cell body?
Sensory appears more rounded
141
# IMMS What is Nissl substance and what is its function?
alternative name for rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of proteins for export from cell or inclusion in membrane
142
# IMMS What are satellite cells and what is their function?
cells around a nerve cell body they play a supportive role - supply neuron with nutrients and growth factors
143
# GI/Liver What kind of epithelium is present in the mouth (lips to palatoglossal folds)?
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinising epithelium
144
# GI/Liver Which kind of epithelium is present in the oropharynx?
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinising epithelium
145
# GI/Liver What does this slide show?
Lip mucosa - Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
146
# GI/Liver What connective tissue is present in this sub-mucosa?
Collagen and elastin
147
# GI/Liver What is present in the deeper layers of lips?
glands and striated skeletal muscle
148
# GI/Liver How are the lips kept moist?
By numerous small blood vessels in the sub-mucosa
149
# GI/Liver What does this slide show?
The transition from stratified squamous _non-keratinising_ epithelium of the lips to stratified squamous _keratinising_ epithelium of the skin
150
# GI/Liver What is this slide showing?
Lip
151
# GI/Liver What are Fordyce's spots?
Sebaceous glands that open to surface of lip (rather than hair follicles)
152
# GI/Liver What is the red arrow pointing to? Where found you find this on the lip?
Hair follicle Found on keratinised surface of the lip
153
# GI/Liver What does this slide show?
Tongue
154
# GI/Liver What epithelium/a is present in this structure?
Tongue: Dorsal surface - stratified squamous keratinising (constant abrasion) Ventral surface - stratified squamous non-keratinising
155
# GI/Liver What structures can be found within the tongue?
Extrinsic muscle fibres Intrinsic muscle fibres Mixed sero-mucous salivary glands Lymph nodules
156
# GI/Liver Where can you find most lymph nodules in the tongue?
In the lingual tonsils; posterior 1/3
157
# GI/Liver What is shown in this slide?
Upper surface of the tongue
158
# GI/Liver What type of epithelium is in this slide?
Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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