Histology Flashcards
PAS (periodic acid schiff)
stains sugars magenta
Alcian Blue
GAG- rich structures Mucous goblet cells Mast cell granules Cartilage matrix ALL BLUE
Eosin
Colloidal proteins PINK
Keratin ORANGE/RED
Iron Haematoxylin
Nuclei
Elastic fibres
BLACK
Haematoxylin
Nuclei
RNA
BLUE
Perl’s stain
Ferric iron PRUSSIAN BLUE
Romanovsky Stains
Chromatin PURPLE
Erythrocytes RED/PINK
Eosinophil granules PALE BLUE
Lymphocyte/ cytoplasm DARK BLUE/PURPLE
Toluidine Blue
Nuclei/ Ribosomes/ Cytoplasm DARK BLUE
Cartilage matrix PALE BLUE
GAG rich components BRIGHT PURPLE
Van Giseon’s trichome stain (with haematoxylin counter-stain)
Collagen PINK/RED
Cytoplasm YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN
Nuclei BLACK
cells that remain in the cell cycle are known as
labile cells
what is a viscous
an organ
columnar cells
taller than they are wide eg basement membrane
fusiform cells
elliptical/spindle shaped cells
polygonal cells
irregular shaped cells
rounded cells
circular/ spherical cells
squamous cells
flattened plate-like cells
what are myoplasts
muscle cells
lifespan of erythrocytes
120 days
nucleolus function
DNA transcription
where are lipids and proteins degraded
lysosomes
what is chromatin made of
nuclear DNA wound around histones (proteins)
what type of collagen forms the basement membrane
IV
why is urothelium waterproof
it has tight junctions between the epithelial cells
which two proteins are principally involved in the generation of ciliary movement?
tubulin and dynein
hemidesmosomes
link cells to the basement membrane
desmosomes
link cells together
a gland secretes by shedding individual cells. what type of secretion is this?
holocrine
secretion directly into the blood
endocrine
secretion by exocytosis of cell contents
merocrine
2 types of cilia
motile and stereo
secretion by pinching off the apex of the cell
apocrine
which turns the granules in mast cells purple
Toluidine blue
which turns iron-containing pigment blue
Perl’s stain
how do cells in the SAN differ from other myocytes
they dont have intercalated discs
which cells line the heart valves
endothelial cells
where are the nodules of arantius
aortic valve cusps
how many aortic valves are there
3
what yellow/brown pigment accumulates in cardiac myocytes with increasing age?
lipofuscin
what kind of arteries are coronary arteries
musclular arteries
which cells in the heart contain Weibel-Palade bodies
endothelial cells
Where is reinke’s space?
Between the vocal epithelium and vocal ligament
Which nerve is found in the nasopharynx?
Olfactory nerve
Which cells appear to “float” in the lungs on histogolical slides?
Alveolar macrophages
How many cell layers in the air blood barrier (in the lungs) and name them
2 (pneumocyte and vascular endothelial cell)
Where are the pores of Kohn?
In the alveolar walls
How thick is the air-blood barrier?
600-800nm
What is the function of the pores of Kohn?
Equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli
What do d-cells secrete?
Somatostatin
What do enterochromaffin (ECL) cells secrete?
Histamine
What do G-cells secrete?
Gastrin
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor in the stomach? (and how does it work?)
Helps with vitamin B12 absorption: It binds with vitamin B12 and forms a complex that resists digestion by gastric enzymes. The complex then passes through the stomach where it is absorbed in the terminal ileum, transported to the liver and stored.
Where is gastric intrinsic factor produced?
Parietal cells in the stomach
How do NSAIDs irritate the stomach?
By inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
What does COX-1 do?
Aid the production of gastroprotective prostaglandins
What does COX-2 do?
It is the target enzyme which produces inflammatory and nociceptive-enhancing prostaglandins
Name the layers of muscle in the stomach wall
Longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer
What metaplasia (change in cell type) is seen in the lower vesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?
Stratified squamous to columnar
What is the action of the proton pump on the parietal cells of the stomach?
K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell
What affect do histamine-2 receptors have?
Increase the release of gastric acid
What type of epithelium is most common in the mouth?
Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
Where are the circumvalate papillae?
Between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
What is the purpose of filiform papillae on the tongue?
Roughen the surface
How can you differentiate between serous and mucosal salivary grands histologically?
Mucosal glands have clear cytoplasm
Which salivary gland is purely serous?
Parotid salivary gland
Which salivary grand is mixed serous / mucous?
Submandibular salivary gland
Which salivary glands are mostly mucosal?
Sublingual, buccal and lingual
How can you identify the oesophagus histologically?
- Lymphocytes in the submucosa
- Mucinous glands in the submucosa that have squamous-lined ducts
Where in the stomach are there no parietal cells?
Gastric antrum and cardia
What do parietal cells secrete?
Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
What cans secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Where are Brunner’s glands found?
In the duodenum
What is the name given to digested good that leaves the stomach?
Chyme
What do Brunner’s glands do?
Secrete an moline mucous which helps nentralise gastric acid
What are the defining features of the ileum?
Villa’s architecture, prominent lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) in the submucosa and mucosa
Where are lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) found?
In the ileum, appendix and colon
What are the 2 autonomic nerve plexuses that innovate the GI tract?
Meissner’s plexus (submucosa) and Auerbach’s plexus (muscularis propria)
What are the 2 layers of the muscularis propria called in the colon?
Inner circular, outer longitudinal
Cells lining colon name?
enterocytes
What has a prominent brush border?
The small intestine
What supplies the coon with arterial blood?
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
In the colon, where can you find stem wells?
At the base of the crypts of Lieberkhun in the mucosa
Where is the muscularis mucosa in the colon?
Immediately below the lamina propria
Which structures appear most prevalent in the renal cortex?
Proximal convoluted tubules
What type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis?
Urothelium
Which part of the kidney is particularly responsive to aldosterone?
Collecting duct
In the ureter, now many layers does the muscularis mucosa have?
3
