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1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

PAS (periodic acid schiff)

A

stains sugars magenta

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2
Q

Alcian Blue

A 
GAG- rich structures
Mucous goblet cells
Mast cell granules
Cartilage matrix 
ALL BLUE
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3
Q

Eosin

A

Colloidal proteins PINK

Keratin ORANGE/RED

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4
Q

Iron Haematoxylin

A

Nuclei
Elastic fibres
BLACK

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5
Q

Haematoxylin

A

Nuclei
RNA
BLUE

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6
Q

Perl’s stain

A

Ferric iron PRUSSIAN BLUE

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7
Q

Romanovsky Stains

A

Chromatin PURPLE
Erythrocytes RED/PINK
Eosinophil granules PALE BLUE
Lymphocyte/ cytoplasm DARK BLUE/PURPLE

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8
Q

Toluidine Blue

A

Nuclei/ Ribosomes/ Cytoplasm DARK BLUE
Cartilage matrix PALE BLUE
GAG rich components BRIGHT PURPLE

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9
Q

Van Giseon’s trichome stain (with haematoxylin counter-stain)

A

Collagen PINK/RED
Cytoplasm YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN
Nuclei BLACK

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10
Q

cells that remain in the cell cycle are known as

A

labile cells

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11
Q

what is a viscous

A

an organ

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12
Q

columnar cells

A

taller than they are wide eg basement membrane

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13
Q

fusiform cells

A

elliptical/spindle shaped cells

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14
Q

polygonal cells

A

irregular shaped cells

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15
Q

rounded cells

A

circular/ spherical cells

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16
Q

squamous cells

A

flattened plate-like cells

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17
Q

what are myoplasts

A

muscle cells

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18
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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19
Q

nucleolus function

A

DNA transcription

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20
Q

where are lipids and proteins degraded

A

lysosomes

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21
Q

what is chromatin made of

A

nuclear DNA wound around histones (proteins)

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22
Q

what type of collagen forms the basement membrane

A

IV

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23
Q

why is urothelium waterproof

A

it has tight junctions between the epithelial cells

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24
Q

which two proteins are principally involved in the generation of ciliary movement?

A

tubulin and dynein

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25
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

link cells to the basement membrane

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26
Q

desmosomes

A

link cells together

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27
Q

a gland secretes by shedding individual cells. what type of secretion is this?

A

holocrine

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28
Q

secretion directly into the blood

A

endocrine

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29
Q

secretion by exocytosis of cell contents

A

merocrine

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30
Q

2 types of cilia

A

motile and stereo

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31
Q

secretion by pinching off the apex of the cell

A

apocrine

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32
Q

which turns the granules in mast cells purple

A

Toluidine blue

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33
Q

which turns iron-containing pigment blue

A

Perl’s stain

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34
Q

how do cells in the SAN differ from other myocytes

A

they dont have intercalated discs

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35
Q

which cells line the heart valves

A

endothelial cells

36
Q

where are the nodules of arantius

A

aortic valve cusps

37
Q

how many aortic valves are there

38
Q

what yellow/brown pigment accumulates in cardiac myocytes with increasing age?

A

lipofuscin

39
Q

what kind of arteries are coronary arteries

A

musclular arteries

40
Q

which cells in the heart contain Weibel-Palade bodies

A

endothelial cells

41
Q

Where is reinke’s space?

A

Between the vocal epithelium and vocal ligament

42
Q

Which nerve is found in the nasopharynx?

A

Olfactory nerve

43
Q

Which cells appear to “float” in the lungs on histogolical slides?

A

Alveolar macrophages

44
Q

How many cell layers in the air blood barrier (in the lungs) and name them

A

2 (pneumocyte and vascular endothelial cell)

45
Q

Where are the pores of Kohn?

A

In the alveolar walls

46
Q

How thick is the air-blood barrier?

47
Q

What is the function of the pores of Kohn?

A

Equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli

48
Q

What do d-cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

49
Q

What do enterochromaffin (ECL) cells secrete?

50
Q

What do G-cells secrete?

51
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

52
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor in the stomach? (and how does it work?)

A

Helps with vitamin B12 absorption: It binds with vitamin B12 and forms a complex that resists digestion by gastric enzymes. The complex then passes through the stomach where it is absorbed in the terminal ileum, transported to the liver and stored.

53
Q

Where is gastric intrinsic factor produced?

A

Parietal cells in the stomach

54
Q

How do NSAIDs irritate the stomach?

A

By inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

55
Q

What does COX-1 do?

A

Aid the production of gastroprotective prostaglandins

56
Q

What does COX-2 do?

A

It is the target enzyme which produces inflammatory and nociceptive-enhancing prostaglandins

57
Q

Name the layers of muscle in the stomach wall

A

Longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer

58
Q

What metaplasia (change in cell type) is seen in the lower vesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?

A

Stratified squamous to columnar

59
Q

What is the action of the proton pump on the parietal cells of the stomach?

A

K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell

60
Q

What affect do histamine-2 receptors have?

A

Increase the release of gastric acid

61
Q

What type of epithelium is most common in the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

62
Q

Where are the circumvalate papillae?

A

Between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

63
Q

What is the purpose of filiform papillae on the tongue?

A

Roughen the surface

64
Q

How can you differentiate between serous and mucosal salivary grands histologically?

A

Mucosal glands have clear cytoplasm

65
Q

Which salivary gland is purely serous?

A

Parotid salivary gland

66
Q

Which salivary grand is mixed serous / mucous?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

67
Q

Which salivary glands are mostly mucosal?

A

Sublingual, buccal and lingual

68
Q

How can you identify the oesophagus histologically?

A
  • Lymphocytes in the submucosa

- Mucinous glands in the submucosa that have squamous-lined ducts

69
Q

Where in the stomach are there no parietal cells?

A

Gastric antrum and cardia

70
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

71
Q

What cans secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

72
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

In the duodenum

73
Q

What is the name given to digested good that leaves the stomach?

74
Q

What do Brunner’s glands do?

A

Secrete an moline mucous which helps nentralise gastric acid

75
Q

What are the defining features of the ileum?

A

Villa’s architecture, prominent lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) in the submucosa and mucosa

76
Q

Where are lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) found?

A

In the ileum, appendix and colon

77
Q

What are the 2 autonomic nerve plexuses that innovate the GI tract?

A

Meissner’s plexus (submucosa) and Auerbach’s plexus (muscularis propria)

78
Q

What are the 2 layers of the muscularis propria called in the colon?

A

Inner circular, outer longitudinal

79
Q

Cells lining colon name?

A

enterocytes

80
Q

What has a prominent brush border?

A

The small intestine

81
Q

What supplies the coon with arterial blood?

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

82
Q

In the colon, where can you find stem wells?

A

At the base of the crypts of Lieberkhun in the mucosa

83
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosa in the colon?

A

Immediately below the lamina propria

84
Q

Which structures appear most prevalent in the renal cortex?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

85
Q

What type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis?

A

Urothelium

86
Q

Which part of the kidney is particularly responsive to aldosterone?

A

Collecting duct

87
Q

In the ureter, now many layers does the muscularis mucosa have?

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