Histology Flashcards
1
Q
PAS (periodic acid schiff)
A
stains sugars magenta
2
Q
Alcian Blue
A
GAG- rich structures Mucous goblet cells Mast cell granules Cartilage matrix ALL BLUE
3
Q
Eosin
A
Colloidal proteins PINK
Keratin ORANGE/RED
4
Q
Iron Haematoxylin
A
Nuclei
Elastic fibres
BLACK
5
Q
Haematoxylin
A
Nuclei
RNA
BLUE
6
Q
Perl’s stain
A
Ferric iron PRUSSIAN BLUE
7
Q
Romanovsky Stains
A
Chromatin PURPLE
Erythrocytes RED/PINK
Eosinophil granules PALE BLUE
Lymphocyte/ cytoplasm DARK BLUE/PURPLE
8
Q
Toluidine Blue
A
Nuclei/ Ribosomes/ Cytoplasm DARK BLUE
Cartilage matrix PALE BLUE
GAG rich components BRIGHT PURPLE
9
Q
Van Giseon’s trichome stain (with haematoxylin counter-stain)
A
Collagen PINK/RED
Cytoplasm YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN
Nuclei BLACK
10
Q
cells that remain in the cell cycle are known as
A
labile cells
11
Q
what is a viscous
A
an organ
12
Q
columnar cells
A
taller than they are wide eg basement membrane
13
Q
fusiform cells
A
elliptical/spindle shaped cells
14
Q
polygonal cells
A
irregular shaped cells
15
Q
rounded cells
A
circular/ spherical cells
16
Q
squamous cells
A
flattened plate-like cells
17
Q
what are myoplasts
A
muscle cells
18
Q
lifespan of erythrocytes
A
120 days
19
Q
nucleolus function
A
DNA transcription
20
Q
where are lipids and proteins degraded
A
lysosomes
21
Q
what is chromatin made of
A
nuclear DNA wound around histones (proteins)
22
Q
what type of collagen forms the basement membrane
A
IV
23
Q
why is urothelium waterproof
A
it has tight junctions between the epithelial cells
24
Q
which two proteins are principally involved in the generation of ciliary movement?
A
tubulin and dynein
25
hemidesmosomes
link cells to the basement membrane
26
desmosomes
link cells together
27
a gland secretes by shedding individual cells. what type of secretion is this?
holocrine
28
secretion directly into the blood
endocrine
29
secretion by exocytosis of cell contents
merocrine
30
2 types of cilia
motile and stereo
31
secretion by pinching off the apex of the cell
apocrine
32
which turns the granules in mast cells purple
Toluidine blue
33
which turns iron-containing pigment blue
Perl's stain
34
how do cells in the SAN differ from other myocytes
they dont have intercalated discs
35
which cells line the heart valves
endothelial cells
36
where are the nodules of arantius
aortic valve cusps
37
how many aortic valves are there
3
38
what yellow/brown pigment accumulates in cardiac myocytes with increasing age?
lipofuscin
39
what kind of arteries are coronary arteries
musclular arteries
40
which cells in the heart contain Weibel-Palade bodies
endothelial cells
41
Where is reinke's space?
Between the vocal epithelium and vocal ligament
42
Which nerve is found in the nasopharynx?
Olfactory nerve
43
Which cells appear to "float" in the lungs on histogolical slides?
Alveolar macrophages
44
How many cell layers in the air blood barrier (in the lungs) and name them
2 (pneumocyte and vascular endothelial cell)
45
Where are the pores of Kohn?
In the alveolar walls
46
How thick is the air-blood barrier?
600-800nm
47
What is the function of the pores of Kohn?
Equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli
48
What do d-cells secrete?
Somatostatin
49
What do enterochromaffin (ECL) cells secrete?
Histamine
50
What do G-cells secrete?
Gastrin
51
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
52
What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor in the stomach? (and how does it work?)
Helps with vitamin B12 absorption: It binds with vitamin B12 and forms a complex that resists digestion by gastric enzymes. The complex then passes through the stomach where it is absorbed in the terminal ileum, transported to the liver and stored.
53
Where is gastric intrinsic factor produced?
Parietal cells in the stomach
54
How do NSAIDs irritate the stomach?
By inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
55
What does COX-1 do?
Aid the production of gastroprotective prostaglandins
56
What does COX-2 do?
It is the target enzyme which produces inflammatory and nociceptive-enhancing prostaglandins
57
Name the layers of muscle in the stomach wall
Longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer
58
What metaplasia (change in cell type) is seen in the lower vesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?
Stratified squamous to columnar
59
What is the action of the proton pump on the parietal cells of the stomach?
K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell
60
What affect do histamine-2 receptors have?
Increase the release of gastric acid
61
What type of epithelium is most common in the mouth?
Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
62
Where are the circumvalate papillae?
Between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
63
What is the purpose of filiform papillae on the tongue?
Roughen the surface
64
How can you differentiate between serous and mucosal salivary grands histologically?
Mucosal glands have clear cytoplasm
65
Which salivary gland is purely serous?
Parotid salivary gland
66
Which salivary grand is mixed serous / mucous?
Submandibular salivary gland
67
Which salivary glands are mostly mucosal?
Sublingual, buccal and lingual
68
How can you identify the oesophagus histologically?
- Lymphocytes in the submucosa
| - Mucinous glands in the submucosa that have squamous-lined ducts
69
Where in the stomach are there no parietal cells?
Gastric antrum and cardia
70
What do parietal cells secrete?
Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
71
What cans secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
72
Where are Brunner’s glands found?
In the duodenum
73
What is the name given to digested good that leaves the stomach?
Chyme
74
What do Brunner’s glands do?
Secrete an moline mucous which helps nentralise gastric acid
75
What are the defining features of the ileum?
Villa's architecture, prominent lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) in the submucosa and mucosa
76
Where are lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) found?
In the ileum, appendix and colon
77
What are the 2 autonomic nerve plexuses that innovate the GI tract?
Meissner's plexus (submucosa) and Auerbach’s plexus (muscularis propria)
78
What are the 2 layers of the muscularis propria called in the colon?
Inner circular, outer longitudinal
79
Cells lining colon name?
enterocytes
80
What has a prominent brush border?
The small intestine
81
What supplies the coon with arterial blood?
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
82
In the colon, where can you find stem wells?
At the base of the crypts of Lieberkhun in the mucosa
83
Where is the muscularis mucosa in the colon?
Immediately below the lamina propria
84
Which structures appear most prevalent in the renal cortex?
Proximal convoluted tubules
85
What type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis?
Urothelium
86
Which part of the kidney is particularly responsive to aldosterone?
Collecting duct
87
In the ureter, now many layers does the muscularis mucosa have?
3
