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Hugh's MD1 Respiratory > Histology/Pathology > Flashcards

Histology/Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number - physiologic or pathologic

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3
Q

What is an examples of pathologic condition where hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur at the same time?

A

Grave disease - thyroid tissue

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3
Q

What cell types are present in the bronchi/bronchiole?

A

Pseudostratified epithelial cells

Goblet cells

Neuroendocrine cells

Basal Cells

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4
Q

What cell types are present in the alveolar?

A

Type I and II pneumocytes Alveolar Macrophages Simple squamous endothelial cells Fibroblasts Inflammatory cells

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5
Q

What is atropy?

A

A decrease in cell size or activity - associated with a reduction in cell metabolism or synthesis of structural proteins. Atropy can also refer to decrease in the size and activity of tissue due to apoptosis

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6
Q

Define involution?

A

Physiological atropy involving apoptosis eg uterus Post partum, thymus

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7
Q

What is lipofuscin

A

Pigment left from the autophagosis of cellular components in lysosomes

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9
Q

What stimulates hypertrophy?

A

Increased demand or hormonal/growth factors

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10
Q

Is hypertrophy always pathologic?

A

No. Eg Skeletal and cardiac muscle can both undergo physiologic hypertrophy

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11
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth of cells that is unregulated - eg malignancies. Hyperplasia increases the risk of neoplasia

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12
Q

What are two types of non-dividing cells?

A

Neurones and cardiac myocytes

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13
Q

How are cells classified in terms of their position on the cell cycle?

A

Labile - constantly replicating Stable - can re-enter the cell cycle Permanent - can not re-enter the cell cycle

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14
Q

What stimulates hyperplasia?

A

Growth/hormonal factors

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16
Q

What are some pathologic causes of atropy?

A

Disuse Denervation Loss of endocrine supply Pressure Inadequate nutrition Loss of blood supply

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17
Q

What is autophagy?

A

A cell breaks downs some of its own components using lysosomes.

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18
Q

What are some examples of normal hyperplasia?

A

Replication in endometrium during the reproductive cycle or the replication of epithelial cells during lactation.

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18
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Differentiation of one mature adult cell type into another

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19
Q

What is an example of pathological metaplasia?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous cells in bronchial airways of the lung in response to smoking

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20
Q

Give an example of physiological metaplasia

A

Cervical metaplasia: Simple columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous around the external cervical OS

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21
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size without an increase in cell number. Due to increase synthesis of cell components

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22
Q

What is a terminal bronchiole?

A

The smallest airway in which gas exchange does not occur

23
Q

What is the first structure in the conducting airway?

A

Nasopharynx

24
Q

What occurs in the nasopharynx?

A

Tonation and condition of air in th sinuses

Smelling in the olfactory epithelium

Turbinates (warms and moistens) the air

25
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Block food from entering the airways

Produce sound as air is forced over it

26
Q

What cells up the respiratory epithelium of the airways?

A

Pseudostratified epithelial cells (30%)

Globlet cells (30%)

Basal stem cells (30%)

Brush cells with microvilli (3%)

Serous cells (3%)

Small granuole cells

27
Q

How long is the trachea? What is it’s diameter?

A

12cm and 2cm respectively

28
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Adventitia

29
Q

Why is the trachea constricted during exhalation?

A

To make sure any dead air in the airways is expelled so as not to be inhaled deeper into the lungs for a second time

30
Q

Where is the trachea’s cartilage located?

A

In the adventitia

31
Q

What makes up the trachea’s mucosal layer?

A

Respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

32
Q

What makes up the trachea’s submucosa?

A

Secretory glands and connective tissue

33
Q

How many divisions are there of the 2 primary bronchi?

A

5 - 3 on the right and 2 on the left

34
Q

How does the cartilage differ in the bronchi cf to the trachea?

A

It forms plates instead of rings

35
Q

How does the smooth muscle differ in the bronchi cf to the trachea?

A

It makes a complete ring around the lumen instead of connecting the C ring cartilage

36
Q

What does the submucosa of the bronchi contain?

A

Glands and smooth muscle

37
Q

What differentiates a bronchiole from a bronchus?

A

A bronchiole is <2mm and doesn’t have cartilage

38
Q

How does the cell structure of the bronchioles differ from higher airways?

A

It loses goblet cells and ciliated epithelials and gains Clara cells

39
Q

Ciliated cells extend deeper into the bronchioles than do goblet cells, why?

A

To capture mucus

40
Q

What keeps bronchioles open?

A

Radial connective tissue and surfactant

41
Q

What is the structure of Clara cells?

A

Columnar to cuboidal with microvilli

42
Q

What is the function of Clara cells?

A

Secrete surfactant

Neutralise toxins

43
Q

What is characteristic of a terminal bronchiole?

A

It is the last airway where gas exchange does not occur

44
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory bronchiole epithelium?

A

Cuboidal to squamous with intermitten alveoli pouches

45
Q

What is the purpose of alveoli pores?

A

Allows air to flow between alveoli

46
Q

What is contained in alveoli walls?

A

Pore

Capillaries

Lined with squamous cells

47
Q

What do interalveolar septa contain?

A

Elastin and reticular fibres to keep alveoli open

48
Q

What cells make up the majority of the SA of the alveoli?

A

Type I pneumocytes

49
Q

What is the function of Type I pneumocytes?

A

Gas exchange surface

Tight junctions to prevent fluid leaking into alveoli air space

50
Q

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

A

Produce surfactant

Act as stem cells

51
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Vessels in type II pneumocytes that contain surfactant

52
Q

T/F type II pneumocytes can replicate into type I or II pneumocytes

A

True, required to replace type I pneumocytes

53
Q

How is the A-C barrier further made thinner?

A

Fusion of the basal lamina’s of the endothelium and type I pneumocyte

54
Q

Where do intra-alveolar macrophages go when they are full?

A

They can travel up the airways or

Stay in interalveolar septum with particles

Hugh's MD1 Respiratory (15 decks)

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