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Histology > Histology of the Urinary System: Part 2 > Flashcards

Histology of the Urinary System: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

first segment of the renal tubule

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2
Q

PCT begins at

A

urinary pole of glomerulus

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3
Q

At PCT, what happens?

A

majority (70%) of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed

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4
Q

Convoluted portion of the tubule leads into a straight segment that descends into the medulla within the medullary ray and becomes:

A

loop of Henle

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5
Q

Loop of Henle:

A

Continuous with PCT in cortex, travels into medulla, then back to cortex

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6
Q

loop of henle empties into:

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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7
Q

Loop of Henle contains four structures:

A
  1. pars recta
  2. thin descending limb
  3. thin ascending limb
  4. thick ascending limb
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8
Q

Thick and thin parts of loop of henle are from what change?

A

epithelial change (cuboidal to squamous)

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9
Q

The turn of the loop occurs in the ________ segment within medulla

A

thin

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10
Q

End of loop of henle becomes what at the end near the glomerulus

A

DCT

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11
Q

Loops of henle run parallel to capillary loops known as:

A

vasa recta

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12
Q

Loop of henle creates:

A

high osmotic pressure in the renal medulla via the counter current multiplier system

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13
Q

high osmotic pressure in medulla from pumped salts is important for what

A

reabsorption of water later in renal tubule

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14
Q

Reabsorption of water helps create ____ urine

A

hypertonic (excretes excess solutes)

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15
Q

Thin limbs in loop of Henle are long in ______ and short in ____ nephrons

A

juxtamedullary; cortical

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16
Q

Pars Recta of Loop of Henle has a:

A

brush border of apical microvilli (similar to PCT)

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17
Q

Countercurrent Multiplier creates osmotic pressure in medulla via

A

Na-K pumps in thick ascending loop of Henle

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18
Q

Higher Extracellular Na combined with water resorption by PCT in cortex:

A

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

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19
Q

Vasa Recta Arises fromL

A

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

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20
Q

vasa recta surrounds which nephrons

A

All loops of Henle on all nephrons

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21
Q

DCT

A

continuation of thick ascending limb of loop of henle, present in cortex

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22
Q

DCT has what epithelium

A

simple cuboidal with short apical microvilli (not distinctive)

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23
Q

DCT responsible for:

A

resorption of Na and Cl and secreting H and K ions

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24
Q

DCT function controlled by two kinds of cells:

A

principal and intercalated cells

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25
Q

principal cells

A

resorb Na and water, secrete K

26
Q

Intercalated cells

A

mediate H+ and HCO3- secretion, and Cl and K reabsorption.

27
Q

_______ cells are important in acid base balance

A

intercalated

28
Q

DCT controlled by what hormone:

A

aldosterone

29
Q

aldosterone is an

A

adrenal mineralocorticoid

30
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) - is a

A

combined baroreceptor and chemoreceptor to measure sodium content and BP

31
Q

JGA is found in…

A

DCT and afferent arteriole

32
Q

Three components of JGA

A

1 macula densa
2 Juxtaglomerular cells
3 Extraglomerular mesangial cells

33
Q

Macula Densa

A

thickened region on one side of DCT, contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells

34
Q

Macula Densa effects:

A

chemoreceptor sensitive to Na in filtrate - decreases in BP - decrease in filtrate - decrease Na concentration

35
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole - baroreceptors - produce renin in response to low BP

36
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Lacis Cells or Polkissen Cells

37
Q

Renin converts Angiotensinogen to what?

A

angiotensin 1

38
Q

EMCs -

A

flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles - provide structural support and phagocytosis

39
Q

ECMs may assist in this function?

A

Tubular glomerular feedback - which is trnasmitting signals from cells of macula densa into Intraglomerular mesangial cells, whose actions change filtration rate

40
Q

Angiotensin 2 causes suprarenal glands to secrete

A

aldosterone

41
Q

Angiotensin 1 converted to Angiotensin 2 in

A

lungs

42
Q

Whole point of JGA and cascade it causes:

A

Increase BP - triggered by Low BP

43
Q

Treatment of Chronic Hypertension

A

ACE inhibitors
(prevent transition of Ang1 to Ang2)

44
Q

Collecting Tubules and Ducts are

A

meant to collect things filtered from nephrons

45
Q

Collecting Tubules

A

receive isotonic urine from DCT

46
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

receive isotonic urine from collecting tubules

47
Q

Collecting Tubules/Ducts leave cortex

A

in medullary rays and enter medulla

48
Q

Collecting Ducts open at

A

papilla into minor calyx

49
Q

Collecting Duct epithelium is responsive to

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) released by posterior pituitary

50
Q

Epithelial cells of CD contain what transmembrane proteins?

A

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2)

51
Q

AQP 2 is regulated by

A

ADH

52
Q

Mutations in AQP2 where it doesnt respond to ADH is linked to

A

congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

53
Q

ADH - water is ____ from CD - leading to HYPERtonic urine

A

lost

54
Q

without ADH, CD are impermeable to water creating _____

A

hypotonic urine or isotonic urine

55
Q

Kidney hierarchy:

A

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

56
Q

Ureter -

A

hollow tube with muscular walls

57
Q

Ureter lined by:

A

transitional epithelium, designed to be distensible

58
Q

Ureter epithelium designed to withstand what?

A

contact with fluid containing toxic substances

59
Q

Ureter walls have what layers?

A

mucosa (epithelium and Connective tissue) muscularis, and adventitia

60
Q

Urinary Bladder is lined by

A

urothelium

61
Q

Urothelium is

A

stratified and has surface layer of balloon cells linked by desmosomes and tight junctions

62
Q

Surface area of bladder has

A

deep clefts and vesicles to increase SA without distension

Histology (8 decks)

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