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Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Major Functions of Liver

A

Detox and metabolism of wastes, drugs & toxins, destruction of RBCs, Recycling of Hb via synthesis & secretion of bile, synthesis of plasma proteins, misc. metabolic functions

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2
Q

Products of digestion (including toxins) enter liver via

A

hepatic portal v.

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3
Q

Hepatic Portal vein supplies what percent ofblood to liver?

A

75-80%

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4
Q

Oxygenated blood supplied to liver by

A

Hepatic A

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5
Q

hepatic artery is a branch of

A

celiac trunk

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6
Q

each hepatic lobule has its own__________

A

hepatic atrteriole (L/R)

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7
Q

Hepatic Artery only carries what percent of blood to liver

A

20-25%

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8
Q

Hepatic A fuses with hepatic Portal V to put what type of blood into liver cells

A

Oxygenated and Deoxygenated

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9
Q

Liver is nutrient rich but ______ poor

A

O2

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10
Q

Venous drainage of Lobules:

A

Central Vv –> hepatic V –> IVC

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11
Q

Hepatocytes

A

main functional cells of liver, arranged in plates or cords around sinusoids

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12
Q

Endothelial cells

A

line the sinusoids in the liver

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13
Q

Kupffer Cells -

A

liver specific macrophages

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14
Q

Stellate Cells (Ito Cells)

A

store Vitamin A in liver

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15
Q

aging hepatocytes accumulate:

A

lipofuscin

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16
Q

Hepatocytes contains large #s of:

A

cytoplasmic granules (rER and lysosomal prod) & storage products

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17
Q

Hepatocyte shape

A

polyhedral, round nucleus, displaced chromatin and prominent nucleolus

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18
Q

Most hepatocytes are diploid, but some are polyploid, and can be _________-

A

binucleate

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19
Q

Individual hepatocytes are arranged in ______________ paralleled by ___________

A

anastomosing cords; venous sinusoids

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20
Q

Sinusoids in liver are lined by

A

sinusoidal lining cells, a discontinuous epithelim

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21
Q

hepatic cords & sinusoids are supported by a meshwork of _____ fibers

A

reticulin, which are Type 3 collagen

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22
Q

Kupffer Cells are located:

A

within sinusoids & space of Disse

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23
Q

Stellate/Ito cells are located:
Stellate cells can store Vitamins because of:

A

between hepatocytes - fat storing cells containing lipid for storage of Vitamin A and D

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24
Q

Kupffer cells cytoplasm is packed with:

A

carbon particles

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25
Q

Kupffer cells have an _____ nucleus

A

oval

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26
Q

Kupffer cells remove what two things:

A

foreign particles and RBC (in tandem with spleen)

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27
Q

In liver injury, Stellate Cells become:

A

transitional cell capable of synthesizing Collage Type I, III, and IV as well as laminin

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28
Q

Other names for Stellate Cell

A

Ito Cell, Lipocyte, perisinusoidal cell,

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29
Q

Blood comes in to liver thorugh Hepatic portal V, Hepatic Artery travel together with what other structure

A

Bile duct

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30
Q

Portal Triad

A

Hepatic Portal V, Hepatic A, and Bile Duct

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31
Q

Bile ducts flow in same/opposite direction of triad

A

opposite

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32
Q

Triad gives rise to the sinusoids which empty into:

A

Central/Centrolobular Vein/venule

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33
Q

Hepatic Sinusoids:

A

thin, discontinuous, highly fenestrated endothelium that does not rest on a basement membrane

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34
Q

Sinusoids and hepatocytes are separated by

A

Space of Disse/perisinusoidal space

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35
Q

Space of Disse contains

A

blood plasma

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36
Q

_________from hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins/ plasma contents from sinusoids to be absorbed by hepatocytes

A

microvilli

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37
Q

vascular channels in liver are ____

A

low resistance, alowing blood to come into contact with hepatocytes over large area

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38
Q

Bile is made by:

A

hepatocyte

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39
Q

Bile is secreted by hepatocytes into:

A

bile canaliculi —> bile duct –> hepatic duct –> common bile duct –> duodenum

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40
Q

Bile is stored where?

A

gallbladder

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41
Q

Hepatocytes closest to hepatic artery are in Zone:

A

1

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42
Q

Zone 1 -

A

creates bile salts, high o2 supply, gluconeogenesis

43
Q

hepatic Cells near central vein are Zone:

A

3

44
Q

Zone 3 -

A

mono-oxygenation, glycolysis, lipolysis

45
Q

Hepatic Acinus of Rappaport

A

Between two central veins in liver

46
Q

Hepatic Lobules

A

organized based on blood flow, hexagonal, with Central V

47
Q

outer margin of hepatic lobule is delimited by

A

thin connective tissue septum

48
Q

Portal triads located where on hexagonal figure of lobule

A

corners

49
Q

Portal Lobule

A

triangular area, based on bile flow, triad in center and Central Vv at corners

50
Q

Acinus

A

diamond shaped region between neighboring central Vv

51
Q

Central veins of acinus along axis, what is on the sides of the diamond shape?

A

Portal tracts/triads

52
Q

Acinus is also divided into:

A

3 zones

53
Q

Which zone is most susceptible to toxic injury:

A

zone 1

54
Q

Zone 1 is called

A

perilobar zone

55
Q

Zone 2 is called

A

intermediate zone

56
Q

Zone 3 is called

A

centrolobular zone

57
Q

Zone 3 receives:

A

least oxygenated blood, most susceptible to ischemic injury

58
Q

Liver detoxification is done via:

A

microsomal mixed function oxidase systems of sER, pr peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

59
Q

cirrhosis

A

a common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease

60
Q

Cirrhosis characterized by:

A

hepatic degeneration, and necrosis, followed by fibrosis and nodular regeneration

61
Q

Portal hypertensin

A

associated with cirrhosis, due to fibrosis blockage of blood flow

62
Q

Liver can/cant regenerate?

A

can

63
Q

Gall bladder

A

muscular sac located in depression along surface of liver

64
Q

Gallbladder stores and concentrates:

A

100 ml of bile

65
Q

Gallbladder is lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli used for water resorption

66
Q

Gallbladder lacks what common gut tube structure?

A

muscularis mucosae

67
Q

Gallbladder lamina propria is;

A

highly folded with occasional tubuloalveolar mucus glands

68
Q

What stimulates contraction of gallbladder?

A

CCK

69
Q

Bile contains:

A

water, electrolytes, ions, cholesterol, phospholipids (lecithin), bile acids (salts) and bile pigments

70
Q

Best known bile pigment

A

bilirubin

71
Q

bilirubin is product of

A

breakdown of Hb

72
Q

Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it and secrete =

A

accumulation of pigments and Jaundice

73
Q

Supersaturation of bile =

A

gallstones (biliary calculi, cholelithiasis)

74
Q

Gallstones chemical makeup

A

1’ cholesterol and calcium salts

75
Q

Obstruciton of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) ->

A

bile stasis or jaundice (icterus) if severe

76
Q

Chronic inflammation =

A

cholecystitis

77
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of gallbladder

78
Q

Following cholecystectomy:

A

patient must limit fat intake, cant concentrate bile

79
Q

Pancreas

A

highly lobulated gland with thin, CT capsule, located in bend of duodenum

80
Q

Pancreas has both _________ & _______ componenets

A

exocrine, endocrine

81
Q

Ductless ________ pancreatic tissue located in _____________

A

endocrine, islets of langerhans

82
Q

Most of pancreas is:

A

exocrine

83
Q

Ducts in Pancreas:

A

compound, acinar, serous

84
Q

In pancreas: Densely packed serous acini contain

A

pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a central lumen (duct)

85
Q

Acinar cells contain

A

zymogen granules

86
Q

zymogen granules are

A

inactive enzyme precursors

87
Q

inactive enzyme precursors stored in acinar cells in pancreas:

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
amylas, lipase

88
Q

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are _____

A

proteases

89
Q

exocrine pancreatic functions empty into:

A

intercalated ducts

90
Q

duct cells that form beginning of intercalated duct that are sometimes visible in the center of acinin, called:

A

centro-acinar cells

91
Q

Intercalated ducts add:

A

water and bicarbonate to pancreate secretions, neutralize acidic chyme from stomach - create optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes

92
Q

Intercalated ducts empty into:

A

intralobular ducts –> interlobular ducts

93
Q

Pancreatic secretions enter duodenum via

A

pancreatic duct at major duodenal papilla

94
Q

Principle regulators of exocrine pancreas -

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

95
Q

Hormone secerted by stomach (1)

A

gastrin

96
Q

gastrin

A

secreted by G cells of pyloric stomach, stimulates pancreatic fluid secretion

97
Q

3 hormones secreted by duodenum

A

Secretin
CCK
Enterokinase

98
Q

Secretin

A

secreted by S cells, stimualtes secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated discs

99
Q

CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

pancreomyzin, secreted by I cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens

100
Q

Enterokinase

A

converts trypsinogen –> trypsin (within small intesting) which converts chymotrypsinogen –> chymotrypsin (digests proteins)

101
Q

what prevents pancreas from digesting itself?

A

cascade rxn

102
Q

Pancreatitis -

A

autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism, from cascade rxn breaking down

103
Q

Severe, acute pancreatitis can be:

A

fatal

104
Q

when cascade rxn breaks down leading to pancreatitis the rxn involved is:

A

premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin & autolysis

Histology (8 decks)

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