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NeuroEndo Test 1 > Histology of the Nasal and Oral Cavities > Flashcards

Histology of the Nasal and Oral Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up respiratory? What are its hallmarks?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

Cilia
Goblet Cells (TONS)
Thick basement membrane

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2
Q

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity? What divides these?

A

Nasal vestibule: just inside the nostrils, lined by skin

Respiratory region: inferior 2/3 of nasal cavities, lined with respiratory mucosa

Olfactory region: Apex (upper 1/3), lined by specialized olfactory mucosa

Nasal septum

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3
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavities? What enhances this function?

A

Adjust temperature (aka warm inhaled air) and humidity of inspired air

Large surface area provided by the turbinate bones

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4
Q

What are paranasal sinuses? What are they lined with?

A

Air filled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity

Respiratory epithelium

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5
Q

How do sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities?

A

Narrow openings onto the respiratory mucosa

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6
Q

What kind of epithelium makes ups the nasal vestibule?

A

Keratinized squamous

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7
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the respiratory region (posterior to vestibule)?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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8
Q

What are the hallmarks of olfactory mucosa?

A

Thicker than respiratory
Lack goblet cells (don’t need because of olfactory glands
Thin basement membrane

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9
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the olfactory mucosa? What is contained in the mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Receptors for sense of smell
- olfactory glands –> serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules

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10
Q

What are the main features of olfactory receptor cells?

A

Single dendritic process
Specialized non-motile cilia with odorant receptors
GPCRs: ligand binding causes signal to be sent to olfactory bulbs

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11
Q

Besides olfactory receptor cells, what other cell types are found in the olfactory mucosa? What are their functions?

A

Basal cells: stem cell for olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells

Brush cell: ciliated columnar epithelial cells in contact with CN V

Supporting/sustentacular cells: provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells

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12
Q

Why do we need olfactory mucus lining?

A

To trap odorant molecules

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13
Q

Are individual neurons in the olfactory mucus specific or general for odorants?

A

Specific

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14
Q

Generally what lines the oral cavity? What is this divided into?

A

Oral mucosa

Lining
Masticatory
Specialized

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15
Q

What cell types make up the lamina propria of the oral cavity? How is this divided?

A

Fibroblasts, WBCs, collagen fibers

Papillary layer: superficial, loose CT, neurovasculature
Dense: deep, dense irregular CT, supportive

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16
Q

What are rete ridges?

A

Zig zags that keep oral mucosa attached (comparable to dermal papillae)

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17
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa found? What kind of epithelium is it composed of?

A

Hard palate, gingiva, dorsal surface of tongue AKA places where there is constant abrasion we need extra force and protection
- lots of rete ridges and highly interdigitated

Keratinized and/or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Where is lining mucosa found? What are its defining characteristics?

A

lips, cheeks, alveolar mucosal surface, floor of the mouth, inferior surfaces of the tongue and soft palate

Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

  • fewer rete ridges and connective papillae
  • distinct submucosa
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19
Q

What are the layers of lining mucosa?

A

Stratum basale: single later of cells on basal lamina

Stratum spinosum: several cells thick

Stratum superficiale: most superficial layer (surface layer of mucosa)

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20
Q

What kind of mucosa does the tongue have?

A

Masticatory and specialized mucosa (keratinized stratified squamous
- contains lingual papillae and taste buds

21
Q

What are lingual papilla? What are the 4 kinds?

A

Keratinized epithelium with lamina propria
Small elevated structures of specialized mucosa (some associated with taste buds)

Filiform
Foliate
Fungiform
Circumvallate

22
Q

What are the general features of filiform papillae? Function?

A

NO TASTE BUDS
(pine cone/pointy)

Move food toward pharynx for swallowing

23
Q

What are the general features of foliate papillae? Function?

A

Vertical ridges on lateral surface of tongue in posterior region
(more rectangular/ square looking)

Trap partially digested food so can provide taste sensation

24
Q

What are the general features of fungiform papillae? Function?

A

Provide taste on dorsal surface of tongue, not as many

25
Q

What are the general features of circumvallate papillae? Function?

A

Mushroom shaped structure anterior to slcul terminalis, sunken appearance surrounded by trench

Hundreds of taste buds, big crevices

26
Q

What are taste buds? What are they made of?

A

Barrel shaped organs that perceive food molecules
Comprise of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend from the basement membrane
Microvili extend into taste pore

27
Q

Where are neuroepithelial cells found? What do they synapse with?

A

From the basal lamina of the epithelium to the taste pore, extend microvili through the pore

Synapse w/ afferent sensory neurons of CN VII, IX, X

28
Q

What are the supporting and basal cells of the taste bud?

A

Supporting: elongated cells that extend from basal lamina to the taste pore
- microvilli on apical surface, do not synapse with nerve

Basal: small cells located in the basal portion of the taste bud near the basal lamina, stem cells for supporting and neuroepithelial cells

29
Q

What are the general characteristics of palatine tonsils?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- densely populated with lymphocytes

Tonsillar crypts (10-20 deep invaginations)

Dense tissue acts as partial capsule

30
Q

What are the general characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Single structure found on posterior wall of nasopharynx
Covered with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Thin underlying capsule, shallow infoldings but no crypts

31
Q

What are the general characteristics of lingual tonsil?

A

Positioned along base of tongue
Covered with stratified squamous epithelium
Posses germinal centers (immune response)
LACKS A CAPSULE, varying number of crypts

32
Q

What are the parts of a tooth?

A

Crown projects into oral cavity and protected by enamel
Root embedded in alveolar ridge of alveolus
Both root and crown made of dentin

Dentin encloses pulp chamber

Root invested in cementum

33
Q

What is dentin made of?

A

calcified organiz matrix, calcium hydroxyapatite

Dentinal tubules= parallel tubes that radiate into the periphery of the dentin

34
Q

What is enamel made of?

A

Parallel enamel rods of calcium hydroxyapatite
- cemented together by interprismatic material

HARDEST STRUCTURE IN BODY

35
Q

Where do you find cementum?

A

Starts where enamel no longer is present, sits in tooth socket, anything below the gums
Anchors PDL
Covers the dentin in the root
Thicker towards apex of root

36
Q

What composes the pulp of a tooth?

A

Loose mesnchymal CT
Collagen fibers, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells

Highly vascular, well innervated, provides nutrition to dentin

37
Q

What makes up the periodontium of a tooth?

A

Cementum
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar bone
Gingiva

38
Q

Where does the periodontal ligament (PDL) insert? What is it made of?

A

Into the cementum and alveolar bone that lines the alveolus

Collagen fibers, dense CT

39
Q

What do osteoclasts chew out when you loose a tooth?

A

Periodontal ligament

40
Q

What is the pathway of tears?

A

Lacrimal gland= lateral, makes the tears and secrete them out onto eyeball then you blink and push tears medially toward lacrimal canaliculi with puncta which wick the tears into the lacrimal sac which goes down and drains into nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus

41
Q

Why does your nose run when you try to suppress tears?

A

Obicularis oculi muscle attaches on lateral side of sac, you blink and pulls the lacrimal sac creating negative pressure and pulls tears down

42
Q

What innervation causes tear production?

A

Greater petrosal n. (from CN VII) and deep petrosal n. form nerve to the pterygoid canal

Parasympathetic fibers synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion and jump onto V2 zygomatic branch and then jump onto lacrimal n. of V1 via the communicating branch

43
Q

Can you make tears if you lesion the trigeminal n. proximal to the ganglion?

A

Yes because axons are originating from the facial n. and just use the trigeminal as a scaffold

44
Q

What are the chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior chamber= between cornea and iris/pupil

Posterior= between the iris/pupil and the lens and ciliary body

45
Q

What is the ciliary body and ciliary processes?

A

Body= circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

Processes= secrete aqueous humor which fills the ant. and post. chambers

46
Q

What is the flow of aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary process –> posterior chamber –> lens –> anterior chamber –> sclera venous sinus

47
Q

How can you get glaucoma?

A

Blockage of Schlemm’s Canal aka sclera venous sinus compressing the optic n.

48
Q

What is hyphema?

A

Rupture of blood vessel causing it to pool in the anterior chamber
Happens if you get hit in the eye

49
Q

What happens when your eyes accommodate during the H test when the finger is brought close to your face?

A

Convergence of eyes
Pupil constriction via sphincter pupillae
Rounding of lens

NeuroEndo Test 1 (14 decks)

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