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GI Midterm > Histology of the Lower GI > Flashcards

Histology of the Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is chyme?

A

The semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.

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2
Q

Name the four degrees of folding in the small intestine which aids in increasing surface area.

A
  1. Plicae circulares
  2. Intestinal Villi
  3. Intestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn
  4. microvilli on the apical surface of the enterocytes
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3
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Permanent folds of mucosa and submucosa.

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4
Q

Where would you find the most and well defined plicae circulares?

A

In the jejunum. PC begins in the duodenum, distinct in the jejunum, and disapear in the mid-ileum.

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5
Q

What are intestinal villi?

A

Finger-like projections of the mucosa covering the entire surface of the small intestine.

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6
Q

What forms the crypts of lieberkhn (intestinal glands)?

A

They are simple tubular glands that are formed by invaginations of the mucosa between adjacent intestinal villi.

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7
Q

What cell types are found in the intestinal crypts?

A
  1. Absorptive
  2. goblet cells
  3. Paneth cells
  4. enteroendocrine cells
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8
Q

What creates the brush border of the intestinal lining?

A

Evaginations of the apical part of the enterocytes to increase surface area.

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9
Q

In what layer of the intestinal lining are you likely to find arterial and venous supply?

A

Muscularis Mucosa

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10
Q

What layer of the intestinal lining is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

A

Muscularis externa

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11
Q

What is segmentation?

A

A pattern of annular contraction of the smooth muscle layer int he walls of the small intestine which temporarily cut the region affected into individual compartments; this activity serves to mix the chyme within the small intestine.

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12
Q

In order for segmentation to function as a mixer, how must the area above and below act?

A

The above must not be coordinated with the relaxation of the part below.

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13
Q

In order for peristalsis to function as moving things along how must the area above and below act?

A

Contents advance along when proximal contraction is coordinated with the relaxation below.

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14
Q

In what layer of the intestinal wall are larger vessels found from where they distribute out to enter the mucosa?

A

Submucosa.

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15
Q

What are two capillary networks found on the linings of the intestinal wall?

A
  1. the villus capillary plexus which supplies the intestinal villus and upper portion of crypts of lieberkuhn
  2. the pericryptal capillary plexus supplies the lower half of the crypts of lieberkuhn
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16
Q

what part of the intestinal folds are lacteals found in?

A

At the core of a villus

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17
Q

What are chyles?

A

lymph containing lipids absorbed from the meal and packaged in chylomicrons.

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18
Q

That is the flow of chyle from the intestine to systemic circulation?

A

Lacteals convey chyle from the intestine to the lymphatic circulation and thereby to the thoracic duct and then to the systemic blood circulation

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19
Q

How is motility of the small intestine controlled?

A

Controlled by the ANS thorugh submucsoal and myenteric plexi.

20
Q

Which autonomic innervation causes contraction of intestinal wall?

A

parasympathetic

21
Q

True or False: Contraction of intestinal wall smooth muscle leads to both peristalsis AND segmentation

A

True

22
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found? Be specific.

A

Found in the duodenum in the portion of the duodenum that’s above the hepatopanreatic sphincter.

23
Q

What is the main function of the brunner’s glands?

A

The main function is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicoarbonate) in order to protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme.

24
Q

What are the distinctive features of duodenum that seprates it form jejunum and ileum?

A

Presence of Brunner’s glands in submucosa

  • relatively few goblet cells
  • leaf-like villi
25
Q

Whare the distinctive features of the jejunum?

A
  • well-developped plicae circulares
  • irregular vili
  • more goblet cells
  • NO brunner’s glands and NO peyer’s patches
26
Q

What are the distinctive features of the eleum?

A
  • Peyer’s patches in LP and submucosa
  • Finger-like villi
  • most goblet cells
27
Q

What type of epithelium lines the crypts of lieberkhun?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

28
Q

what enzymes are you likely to find on the microvilli lining of the absorptive cells in the small intestine?

A

lactose, maltose, sucrose for terminal digestion of carbs.

29
Q

In persons with lactose intolerance, what happens to lactose once ingested?

A

It passes through undigested until large intestine. In the large intestine it is fermented via intestinal bacteria into gas, organic acids and etc.

30
Q

Where are Paneth cells found? Be specific.

A

Found at the base of crypts in the small intestine.

31
Q

What function do Paneth cells serve?

A

Secrete antimicrobial proteins to limit bacteria-enterocyte contact, which also kills bacteria directly by enzymatic degredation of bacterial wall or by disrupting the bacterial inner membrane.

32
Q

What hormones do enteroendocrine cells of the SI produce?

A

Gastrin, secretin and CCK

33
Q

There are several protective mechanism that which protect the small intestine from pathogens and abrasions and etc. What are these mechanisms?

A
  1. A viscous gel-like balnket produced by goblet cells
  2. An intestinal tight junction barrier between enterocytes
  3. Peyer’s patches which participates in the cellular surveilance of antigens
  4. IgA secreted by intestinal epithelium in the bile
  5. Inactivation of microbial pathogen by antimicrobial proteins produced by paneth cells.
  6. the propulsive intestinal motility that prevents bacterial colonization
34
Q

What is the initial alteration of the intestinal mucosa caused by leading to IBD?

A

infiltration of neutrphils in the crypts of lieberkhun which results in destruction of the intestinal blands by formation of crypts abscesses and progressive atrophy and ulceration of the mucosa.

35
Q

one of the major complication of ___ are occusion of the intestinal lumen by fibrosis and the formation of fistulas in other segments of the small intestine?

A

IBD

36
Q

What are the symptoms of c. diff colitis and how can it treated?

A

debiliating, sometimes fatal diarrhea. TX: fecal Microbiota transplant (FMT)

37
Q

Would you find intestinal villi in the large intestine?

A

No

38
Q

Would you find crypts of lieberkhun in the large intestine?

A

Yes

39
Q

What cells are found on the epithelial surface of the tubular glands of the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Stem cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells.
40
Q

what are Taenia Coli?

A

Feature of large intestine, formed by fused bundles of the outer smooth muscle layer

41
Q

What produces the saccular s Haustra?

A

contraction of the taenia coli and the inner circular smooth msucle .

42
Q

is the most distinctive feature of the appendix that makes it different from the rest of the GI?

A

Thickening of it’s wall which is mainly due to large accumulation of lymphoid tissue int he lamina propria and submucsoa.

43
Q

where is the pectinate line?

A

It’s the transformation zone at the ano-rectal junction where the epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous.

44
Q

What forms the internal anal sphincter?

A

The inner circular layer of smooth muscle thickens to form the internal anal sphincter

45
Q

what is the external anal sphincter formed by?

A

skeletal muscle

46
Q

Familial polyposis and colectal tumriogeneis is determined by a defect in what gene?

A

APC gene (adenomatous polyposis coli)

47
Q

Sigmoidal colon cancer metastesize via what route?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein.

GI Midterm (11 decks)

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