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GI Midterm > Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Holocrine is a secretory mechanism in which _ is secreted.

A

Whole cell

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2
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

exocytosis

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3
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Glands release its product together with a small amount of the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell.

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4
Q

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual are classified as what type of glands?

A

tubuloalveolar glands

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5
Q

What do saliva contain?

A

Proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water, and IgA

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6
Q

Which salivary gland secretes an amylase-rich saliva?

A

Parotid glands

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7
Q

Which salivary gland produces bulk of our daily saliva?

A

submandibular.

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8
Q

What cvontrols the production of saliva?

A

ANS

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9
Q

What are serous demilunes and where they found?

A

Its a crescent-shaped structure embracing the mucous cells located closer to the opening of the acinus into the interclated ducts. This is how in mixed seromucous glands, the serous cells which are located in the fundus of the acinus is able to transport their content. Very prominently found in submandibular glands.

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10
Q

Where are myoepithelial cells found in an acinus?

A

They’re located surrounding the outer surface of a an acinus in a basket like fashion.

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11
Q

What functions do saliva serve?

A
  1. the mucus and water in saliva lubricates, and dissolves food for taste buds
  2. Protective function served by the constients in saliva like lyzozyme (attack bacterial wall); lactoferrin (chelates iorn ncessary for bacterial growht); IgA which neutralizes bacteria and viruses
  3. Digestive function served by amylase (initiates digestion of carbs); lingual lipase, which participates in hydrolysis of dietary lipids.
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12
Q

Match the type of glands to the name: 1: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
2. Exclusively serous, Mixed serous and mucus, mixed serous mucus but mostly mucus.

A 
Parotid = exclusively serous acini 
Submandibular = mixed serous and mucus

sublingual = mixed serous and mucus but mostly mucus.

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13
Q

Salivary glands also serves to protect teeth and gum. Which antimicrobial proteins found in saliva has implication for bacterial clearance, selective bacterial aggregation on tooth surface and control of mineralization and demineralization.

A

Proline-rich proteins, histatins, cystatins, and statherin

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14
Q

Which salivary gland does rabies and mumps virus likes to live in?

A

parotid glands

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15
Q

The mumps virus is self limiting but it follows two complication that can present after or during the bacteria has cleared.

A

orchitis and meningitis.

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16
Q

Which salivary gland is the frequent site for slow-growing benign salivary gland tumors.

A

Parotid glands

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17
Q

Removing a benign tumor is usually a simple surgery, but can be complicated based on location. what makes the removal of benign salivary gland tumors complicated?

A

The need to protect the facial nerve.

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18
Q

What do the serous cells of the submandibular glands produce?

A

salivary amylase which aids in the breakdown of starches.

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19
Q

What makes up the endocrine component of the pancreas and what is the main function of the endocrine pancreas?

A

The islet of Langerhans makes up the endocrine pancreas which is about 2% of the pancreas volume.
The main function of endocrine pancreas is the regulation of glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into the blood stream.

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20
Q

What duct system(s) that are present in salivary gland is not seen in exocrine pancreas?

A

Striated ducts.

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21
Q

True or false. Like salivary glands acinus, myoepithelial cells also line the acinus of the exocrine pancreas.

A

False. There is no myoepithelial cells in the pancreas.

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22
Q

Do exocrine pancreas have goblet cells, like the ones seen in the stomach, and intestines (small and large).

A

Yes, there are goblet cells that lines the duct system but not as numerous like the ones in the rest of GI.

23
Q

Where are centroacinar cells found. Be specific.

A

They are found lining the cuboidal epithelial lining of the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas.

24
Q

What is the function of centroacinar cells?

A

They secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. they also secrete mucin.

25
Q

Which hormones increases the flow of pancreatic secretions?

A

CCK and secretin

26
Q

Where are CCK and secretin produced? Be specific.

A

They are produced by the enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum.

27
Q

Name some of the zymogen enzymes that the pancreatic acini secrete.

A
  1. Trypsin
  2. Chymotrypsin
  3. Carboylpeptidse
  4. Amylase
  5. Lipase
  6. Cholesterol esterase
  7. Phospholipase
28
Q

The pancreas secretes the zymogen forms of many of it’s enzymes and does not get activated until it reaches the duodenum. That’s one way of pancreas protects itself from degredation by it’s own products. What’s another way?

A

The acinar pancreatic cells secrete trypsin inhibitor of trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes within the lumen and ducts. those inhibitors prevent the enzymes from doing it’s job within the pancreas.

29
Q

The types and amounts of digestive enzymes that the pancreas produces varies with diet. For example, with a carb rich diet, the pancreas would produce more amylase and a decrease in the sysnthesis of proteases. What regulates the amylase gene expression in the pancreas?

A

Insulin. The internal circulation within the pancreas (insuloacinar portal system) is functionally very important in telling the pancreas which genes to express more.

30
Q

Failure of which protective mechanisms leads to acute pancreatitis?

A
  1. A premature activation of pancreatic enzymes
    AND
  2. Inactivation of trypsin inhibitor
31
Q

A patient presents to your office with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomitting. You order a CBC, complete metabolic panel, CT Abd/pel. You notice that patients amylase and lipase are elevated. Given the symptoms and the elevated lipase and amylase what is a possible diagnosis?

A

Acute pancreatitis.

32
Q

The liver receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, where do they mix and where do they converge?

A

Mixes in the sinusoids of the liver lobules and converges at the central venule of the liver lobule.

33
Q

What are the structural and functional unit of the liver?

A

The hepatic lobule.

34
Q

What is the classic hepatic lobule?

A
  • hexagonal lobule
  • surrounding a central vein
  • portal triads at the angles.
35
Q

Describe the arrangment of the portal lobule as functional unit of the liver.

A

Triangular arrangment, with bile duct at the center collecting the three hepatic lobules and with central veins at the angles of the hepatic lobules.

36
Q

Based on the Liver Acinus as a conceptual functional unit, what shape is formed?

A

Oval shape, based on gradient distribution of hepatic artery-derived oxygenated blood along the sinusoidal spaces.

37
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A

The space between the fenestrated endothelium and hepatocytes.

38
Q

Where are Kupffer cells and how do their arrangement and physical structure allow it to do it’s job?

A

Kupffer cells are located in spaces, of the lining of the hepatocytes and endothelium. They have two distinct domains, an apical domain and an extesnive basolateral domain with microvilli extending into the space of disse which allows it to filtered bad blood cells and remove it from circulation.

39
Q

How does the structure and orientation of the hepatocytes allows it to absorb proteins and other plasma components

A

Hepatocytes have microvilli that extend into the space of disse which serves as a exposed surface through which blood plasma can freely wash over. The microvilli of the hepatocytes then absorbs any proteins and plasma content.

40
Q

What is the main function of the Ito Cells?

A

They function as storage sites for fat and Vit A.

41
Q

Where are Ito cells located?

A

At intervals within the space of Disse.

42
Q

Where does the Canal of Hering (aka Cholangiole) lead into?

A

Biles leaves the lobule through the canal of hering and enter the portal bile duct.

43
Q

Which side of the hepatocytes participates in the absorption of blood-borne substances?

A

Basolateral.

44
Q

Which organelles allows the hepatocytes to do it’s main function.

A

smooth ER,

45
Q

What transporters are involved in secretin of bile into the ile canailucus from the hepatocytes?

A

Multidrug resistance 1 and 2 (MDR1 and MDR2),
Multispecific organ anionic transporter (MOAT), and biliary acid transporter (BAT)

REMEMBER: MDR, MOAT, BAT)

46
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A
  1. participates in excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin and electrolytes
  2. Emulsify fat to allow fat to be absorbed from the intestinal lumen.
  3. Transport IgA to intestinal mucosa (enterohepatic circulation)
47
Q

what role does the liver play in metabolism of bilirubin.

A

Bilirubin is transported to the liver as albumin-bilirubin complex. Once in the liver the complex detaches and hepatocytes internalizes the bilirubin for recycling.

48
Q

What is a common cause of fatty liver?

A

Long-term consumption of ethanol.

49
Q

How does the parenchyma change in liver cirrhosis?

A

Collagen proliferation, and fibrosis of the liver which destroys the parenchyma and increases stroma.

50
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

malignant transformation of hepatocytes.

51
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage, concentration, and release of bile.

52
Q

What duct allows bile to be transported to the gallbladder from the liver?

A

From the hepatic duct to the cystic duct into the gallbladder.

53
Q

True or False. Hepatocytes make up the exocrine function of the liver.

A

False. hepatocytes functions as BOTH exocrine and endocrine.

GI Midterm (11 decks)

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