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GIGU > Histology of the Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of the Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract (lumen to superficial)?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the mucosa?

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria of vascularized loose CT that contains lymph structures plasma cells and macrophages
thin layer of muscularis mucosae which is only involved in movement of mucosa

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3
Q

What composes submucosa? What parts of GI tract have glands in this layer?

A

dense irregular CT with neurovascular and lymphatics

esophagus and duodenum

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the muscularis and what is between them?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal, contraction of circular constricts lumen and contraction of longitudinal shortens tube

neurovascular plexuses

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5
Q

What constitutes something as having a serosa layer?

A

digestive tube suspended in mesentery/peritoneal fold its covered by mesothelium

no mesothelium covering= adventitia

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6
Q

What cells make protective mucosa? Where is it found?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

oral cavity, pharynx, and anal cavity

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7
Q

What cells make absorptive mucosa? Where is it found?

A

simple columnar epithelium mucosa arranged as villi with crypts

glands present in SI, absorb H2O as harden waste

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8
Q

What cells make secretory mucosa? Where is it found?

A

simple columnar epithelium, mucosa packed with glands,

stomach

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9
Q

What cells make absorptive/protective mucosa? Where is it found?

A

simple columnar epithelium, mucosa arranged into closely pack glands (LI), extensive goblet cells

large intestine

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10
Q

What are the 2 plexuses that supply intrinsic/enteric innervation?

A

Submucosal plexus of Meissner

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach between inner circular and out longitudinal layers

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11
Q

What does the enteric innervation control?

A

Peristaltic contractions of muscularis externa and movements of muscularis mucosae

Secretory activities of the mucosal and submucosal glands

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12
Q

Does the thoracic esophagus have adventitia or serosa?

A

adventitia but inferior to diaphragm it’s serosa

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13
Q

Where are cardia esophageal glands found?

A

in lamina propria of terminal esophagus

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14
Q

What are submucosal glands?

A

small lobules with mucous and serous cell types drained by a single duct

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15
Q

What kind of mucosa is found in the esophagus?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous overlying a lamina propria, numerous folds, muscularis mucosae only in lower segment

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16
Q

Describe the submucosa of the esophagus

A

network of collagen and elastic fibers, submucosal venous plexuses drain into both systemic and portal venous systems, increase in pressure can cause esophageal varices –> dilation of submucosal venous sinuses

17
Q

What kind of muscles is found in the upper 1/3, middle 1/3, and lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

Upper third= skeletal (striated)

Middle third= skeletal and smooth

Lower third= smooth muscle

18
Q

What 2 sphincters are found in the esophagus? Are they functional or anatomical?

A

upper esophageal= anatomical and swallowing reflex

lower= functional prevents reflux of gastric contents

19
Q

What is GERD? What happens when it becomes chronic?

A

Chronic inflammation, ulceration, and difficulty in swallowing due to reflux of gastric contents

Non-keratinized stratified squamous in transition zone becomes columnar mucus-secreting/glandular  Barrett’s esophagus/metaplasia

20
Q

What is the gastroesophageal junction?

A

epithelial transition from esophagus to stomach aka non-keratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar, epithelium in stomach is glandular with pits and glands

21
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

cardia near esophageal opening
fundus projects to left of cardia
body
pyloric antrum that ends at gastroduodenal orifice

22
Q

What covers gastric mucosal folds (rugae)? How are they protected?

A

gastric pits

gastric mucosal barrier

23
Q

What kind of mucosa is found in the stomach? What fibers predominate?

A

simple columnar epithelium

collagen and reticular

24
Q

What glands are found in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the stomach?

A

cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands

muscularis mucosae facilitates release of gastric gland secretions

25
Q

Describe the submucosa of the stomach

A

dense irregular CT with collagen and elastic fibers, arterioles venous plexuses and lymphatics, Meissner’s plexus

26
Q

What are the 3 layers of the muscularis of the stomach?

A

oblique, circular, and longitudinal

circular muscle layer thickens in pyloric region forming sphincter

27
Q

Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia? What does it contain?

A

serosa

loose connective tissue and blood vessels

28
Q

What are fundic gastric glands? What are its parts?

A

simple branched tubular glands, extend from bottom of pits to muscularis mucosae

Gastric Pit= invagination of mucosal surface
Isthmus/neck= narrow region btwn pit and gland
Gastric gland= shorter and wider base

29
Q

Where are surface mucous cells found?

A

lining the lumen and gastric pits

30
Q

What is the job of the mucus layer?

A

forms insoluble gel that attaches to surface of gastric mucosa
thick coating neutralizes micro-environment to alkaline pH

31
Q

Where are chief cells predominately found? What do they release and what is its role?

A

Inferior regions of gastric glands

Pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin by acidic environment, proteolytic enzyme that digest most proteins, exocytosis of pepsinogen rapid and stimulated by feeding

32
Q

Where are parietal cells found? What do they produce?

A

neck and upper segment of gastric

HCl and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)

33
Q

What happens when parietal cells are active?

A

There is a deep invagination of apical plasma membrane= intracellular canaliculus –> increase SA

34
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

scattered epithelial cells in gastric mucus with endo/paracrine functions, secrete wide range of products for digestion

35
Q

What is the structure of cardiac glands?

A

Narrow region of stomach that surrounds esophageal orifice
Tubular, coiled, and somewhat branched
Opening continuous with gastric pits
Lined with mucus secreting cells

36
Q

What is the structure of pyloric glands?

A

Branched coiled tubular glands between fundus and pylorus
Glands empty into pits that occupy half of mucosa
Lined by mucus-secreting cells, large and pale
Occasional enteroendocrine and parietal cells present, lymphoid nodules seen in lamina propria= GALT

GIGU (14 decks)

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