Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NE3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

How does communication differ between the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Nervous system - communication involves membrane depolarization and transmission of signal from synapses, rapid but short-lived.
Endocrine system - hormones distributed via cardiovascular system to bind to receptors on target cells, slower but longer-lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three main methods of controlling hormonal release?

A

Humoral stimuli- levels of ions monitored in blood/body fluids
Neuronal stimuli- nerve signals
Hormonal stimuli- hormone in bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the direct targets of hypothalamic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary, kidney/uterus (by releasing ADH and Oxytocin from Post. Pituitary), and adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones released from the hypothalamus that target the anterior pituitary in order to stimulate/inhibit it to release other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary? Posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis

Posterior - neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pars distalis, pars nervosa, pars tubaralis, pars intermedia, and cyst intermedia?

A

Pars distalis - cell bodies in anterior pituitary
Pars nervosa - axons/glial cells in posterior pituitary
Pars tuberalis - upper part of anterior pituitary
Pars intermedia - between pars distalis and pars nervosa, unknown function
Cyst intermedia - remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the major cell types in the anterior pituitary and what do they secrete?

A 
Somatotropic cells - GH
Thyrotropic cells - TSH
Corticotropic cells - ACTH, MSH
Gonadotropic cells - LH, FSH
Mammotropic cells - prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypophysis?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Out-pocketing of diencephalon covered in pia mater, synthesizes melatonin and serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the microscopic anatomy of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicles made up of a layer of follicular cells that surround a fluid called the colloid. Colloid contains stored thyroglobulin
-it’s the only damn gland to store hormones OUTSIDE the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are parafollicular cells?

A

Lie outside of follicles in thyroid, secrete calcitonin when blood levels of calcium are high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does calcitonin lower blood levels of calcium?

A

Stimulates calcium secretion by kidneys, decreases calcium-releasing activity of osteoclasts, increases osteogenesis by osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes Grave’s disease?

A

Abnormal antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors causing over-secretion of T3 and T4. (Excess T3/T4 causes TSH levels to decrease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Insufficient T3 and T4 production, often due to autoimmune disease attacking follicle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency (overproduction of thyroglobulin that cannot be iodinated)
Can also be due to hyperthyroidism (increased activity of thyroid gland causes enlargement) or hypothyroidism (unrelenting stimulation of thyroid gland by TSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is parathyroid hormone?

A

Comes from parathyroid glands (usually 2 pairs on posterior thyroid), regulates serum calcium and phosphate levels

17
Q

What are chief cells and oxyphil cells in the parathyroid glands?

A

Chief (principle) cells release PTH when [blood calcium] falls below 9.5 mg/dL
Oxyphil cells unknown function

18
Q

How does PTH work to increase blood calcium levels?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium stores
Increases calcium retention by kidneys in the distal tubule
Stimulates kidney to convert inactive vit D to calcitriol (active vit D)
Calcitriol increase calcium absorption by intestine

19
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal gland?

A 
Capsule
Zona glomerulosa (Salt)
Zona fasciculata (Sugar)
Zona reticularis (Sex)
Adrenal medulla
20
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa release?

A

Aldosterone (Salt)

21
Q

What does the zona fasciculata release?

A

Cortisol (Sugar)

22
Q

What does the zona reticularis release?

A

Androgens (and cortisol) (Sex)

23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Epi and norepi (chromaffin cells)

24
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hyposecretory disorder of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (autoimmune or deficiencies in hormone-producing enzymes). BGL and Na+ levels drop. Causes dehydration, low BP, fatigue, loss appetite

25
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to either ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor or tumor in adrenal cortex. High BGL, protein loss in muscles, muscle weakness, lethargy

26
Q

Describe pancreas histology

A

Mostly exocrine cells (pancreatic acini) containing clusters of endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)

27
Q

What are the main cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete?

A

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin (slows release of insulin/glucagon) =the controling DaD aka: Ben
F-cells - pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits release of somatostatin) Fuck Ben

you’re welcome for this analogy

28
Q

What is the pancreatic blood supply?

A

Insuloacinar portal system (islets of Langerhans) and acinar vascular system (pancreatic acini)

29
Q

What does the Ectodermal placode lead to at about the 3rd developmental week?

A

Rathke’s pouch

-moves to its final location around the 8th week

30
Q

In Pars Distalis: Which of the cells are Acidphils, which are basophis? and What are the red dot collections (openings) on the histo slide?

A

Acidphils: Pro athletes take GH and Acid
-Prolaction (mammotrophs) and GH (Somatotrophs)

Basophils: the others ACTH (cortico), TSH (thyro), FSH/LH (Gonado)

The openings are Sinusoidal (fenestrated capillaries) and they increase permeability

31
Q

What is stored in the Pars nervosa?

A

Post-Pituitary, so it houses ADH/Oxytocin in its Herring bodies

NE3 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions