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Block 1 Week 2 > Histology - Muscle > Flashcards

Histology - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Qualities common to all muscle

A

Mesodermally derived
Elongated parallel to axis of contraction
Numerous mitochondria

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2
Q

Qualities of skeletal muscle

A

Up to 30cm, peripheral nuclei

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3
Q

Qualities of cardiac muscle

A

Branched fibers, central nuclei, cells connected via intercalated discs

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4
Q

Qualities of smooth muscle

A

Individual cells, central nuclei, no striations, sarcomeres, or T-tubules. Less vascularization, organized in bundles or sheets

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5
Q

Connective tissues of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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6
Q

Type I muscle mnemonic

A

ONE SLOW RED OX

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7
Q

Type II muscle mnemonic

A

TWO FAST WHITE SUGAR

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8
Q

How to distinguish type I vs type II

A

Type I is lighter and larger

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9
Q

Loss of checkerboard fiber distribution is indicative of _________

A

Denervation

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10
Q

Function of epimysium

A

Surrounds whole muscle and plays a structural role in transmitting contraction to bone

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11
Q

Function of perimysium

A

Surrounds a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers)

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12
Q

Function of endomysium

A

Surrounds muscle fibers

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13
Q

Qualities of a muscle fiber

A

Up to 30 Cm long, 10-120 micrometers wide, peripheral nuclei

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14
Q

Differentiating CT and muscle at the myo-tendonal junction

A

CT has no striating and spindly nuclei, muscle is striated with peripheral nuclei

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15
Q

Definition of sarcomere

A

From Z line to Z line

Basic contractile unit of muscle

2.2 micrometers

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16
Q

A band

A

Thick myosin filaments

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17
Q

H zone

A

Central region of A band containing only thick myosin filaments; width decreases during contraction

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18
Q

M line

A

Lateral connections between adjacent thick filaments

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19
Q

I band

A

Region where actin doesn’t overlap with myosin

20
Q

Actin filaments are attached to the _________

A

Z disc

21
Q

In the sliding filament model, resting myosin is bound to ________ and does not interact with _______

A

ADP + P, actin

22
Q

In the sliding filament model, ____ binds troponin and induces a structural change that leads to the interaction of _______ and ________

A

Calcium, actin and myosin

23
Q

In the sliding filament model, the power stroke occurs when the ______ changes conformation and _______ is released, allowing _____ to bind

A

Myosin head, ADP+P, ATP

24
Q

In the sliding filament model, ______ hydrolyzes ATP and releases _______

A

Myosin, actin

25
Q

When muscle is relaxed, the sarcomere is LONG/SHORT and the I band is WIDE/NARROW

A

Long, wide

26
Q

When muscle is contracted, the sarcomere is LARGE/SMALL and the I band is VISIBLE/NOT VISIBLE

A

small, not visible

27
Q

Qualities of myosin

A

Makes thick filaments, shaped like 2 headed golf club

Head region contains light chain proteins and ATP hydrolyzing machinery

28
Q

Qualities of actin

A

Major component of thin filaments

Formed from globular monomeric actin molecules which make a filament

There are G and F forms, two F strands intertwine to make a filament

29
Q

Qualities of tropomyosin

A

Long protein molecule that lies in the groove of an actin filament.

Prevents interaction of actin and myosin in relaxed state

30
Q

Subunits of troponin

A

TnT - binds tropomyosin
TnC - binds calcium
TnI - inhibits actin-myosin interaction

31
Q

Invaginations in the plasma membrane are called ________, and run throughout muscle fiber at the _____ junction

A

T tubule, A-I

32
Q

Each T tubule is associated with two _____ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Cisterna

33
Q

The __________ is the outer covering of muscle cells

A

Sarcolemma

34
Q

T -tubules are located at the _______ in skeletal muscle and _______ in cardiac muscle

A

A-I band junction, Z line

35
Q

The ________ ________ is the internal membrane system of muscle fibers

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

The sarcoplasmic junctions with the T-tubule to form ______ in skeletal muscle and ______ in cardiac muscle

A

Triads, dyads

37
Q

Describe the steps of a neuromuscular impulse

A
  1. Nerve impulse releases Ach
  2. The binding of Ach on muscle causes depolarization to spread from the sarcolemma along T-tubules
  3. Ca is released from the terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm
  4. Ca binds troponin C, causing troponin I to reveal myosin binding sites on actin
38
Q

One nerve innervates ONE/MANY myofibers

A

Many

39
Q

How do skeletal muscles grow?

A

Satellite cells proliferate, fuse, and nature following injury. Skeletal muscles increase mass via hypertrophy and contribute to repair

40
Q

Connective tissue between cardiac muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

41
Q

Components of intercalated discs

A

Macula adherens: binds individual cells, found in transverse and lateral regions of ID

Fascia adherens: actin filaments of terminal sarcomere anchor to PM, major structure on transverse face of ID

Gap junction: electrical continuity between cells

42
Q

Describe cardiac muscle contraction

A

SA node initiates beat which spreads through atria to AV node

Purkinje fibers generate and transmit contractile impulse

Depolarization also spreads via intercalated discs, doesn’t require direct innervation

43
Q

Smooth muscles communicate via _____ ________

A

Gap junctions

44
Q

Smooth muscle receives only ____ nerve input

A

Autonomic

45
Q

Smooth muscle increases mass by ______ and ______

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

46
Q

Smooth muscle contraction responds to ______

A

Hormones

47
Q

In smooth muscle, the actin myosin interaction is mediated by _________

A

Calmodulin

Block 1 Week 2 (8 decks)

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