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Block 1 Week 2 > Gametogenesis And Fertilization > Flashcards

Gametogenesis And Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

During meiosis I, the 46 chromosomes are duplicated into ________ ___________

A

Sister chromatids

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2
Q

There are 30-40 ___________ during each mejoría I division, allowing for interchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes

A

Crossovers

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3
Q

Ploidy refers to the number of _________

A

Chromosome copies

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4
Q

N refers to the number of ________

A

Chromatid copies

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5
Q

Mitosis results in DIPLOID/HAPLOID 2N/4N cells

A

Diploid, 2N

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6
Q

Meiosis I begins with HAPLOID/DIPLOID 4N/2N cells

A

Diploid, 4N

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7
Q

Meiosis I ends with HAPLOID/DIPLOID 2N/1N cells

A

Haploid, 2N

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8
Q

Meiosis II ends with HAPLOID/DIPLOID 2N/1N cells

A

Haploid, 1N

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9
Q

In meiosis, the process of chromosomes lining up for crossing over is called ______ and occurs during which phase?

A

Synapsis, prophase I

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10
Q

Germ cells are formed in the ________ and move to the wall of the yolk sac during week __ then migrate to developing gonads during week ___

A

Epiblast, 2, 4

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11
Q

Primordial germ cells migrate from around the developing gut tube to the _______ _______

A

Gonadal ridge

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12
Q

The SRY gene encodes ____ which induces the formation of ________ ________

A

TDF, seminiferous fords

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13
Q

The X chromosome downregulates _____ while ______ contributed to ovarian differentiation

A

SF1, Wnt4

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14
Q

It takes ___ days for spermatogonia to develop into mature spermatozoon

A

74

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15
Q

About how many sperm cells are produced daily?

A

300 million

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16
Q

Spermiogenesis is the transformation of ______ to ______

A

Spermatids to spermatozoa

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17
Q

What occurs during spermiogenesis?

A

Cytoplasm is shed
Formation of neck, middle piece, and tail
Condensation of nucleus
Formation of acrosome

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18
Q

Just prior to ovulation, the 1st/2nd meiotic division is completed

A

1st

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19
Q

Which hormone surged during ovulation?

A

LH

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20
Q

Oocyte transport from the fimbria to the ampulla of the uterine tube is aided by what process?

A

Peristalsis

21
Q

Oogenesis is not complete until ______

A

Fertilization

22
Q

About 7 million oogonia are present at what point in a female’s life?

A

5th prenatal month

23
Q

During oogenesis, secondary oocytes are initially formed just prior to ________ with the completion of meiosis I/I

A

Ovulation, I

24
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins from acrosomal membrane

25
Q

Where does capacitation occur?

A

Uterine tube

26
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

When sperm binds to the ZP3 receptor on the zona pellucida, the breakdown of the acrosomal membrane releases enzymes that digest a path through the ZP

27
Q

1st stage of fertilization

A

Penetration of the corona radiata, aided by hyaluronidase, acrosin, and tubal enzymes

28
Q

2nd stage of fertilization

A

Penetration of the ZP

  • cortical rxn: release of cortical granules within oocyte membrane
  • zonal rxn: cortical granules alter zonal proteins, making ZP impermeable to other sperm
29
Q

3rd stage of fertilization

A

Fusion of oocyte and sperm membranes

30
Q

Two components of the cortical reaction

A

Fast block: Na influx triggered by ZP3 binding changes membrane potential

Slow block: ZP3 binding activates G protein cascade that raises intracellular pH

31
Q

4th stage of fertilization

A

Completion of meiosis II and formation of female pronucleus

32
Q

5th stage of fertilization

A

Formation of male pronucleus

33
Q

6th stage of fertilization

A

Formation of zygote (fusing of pronuclei)

34
Q

Fertilization stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete _____ meiotic division

A

2nd

35
Q

The secondary oocyte is halted in which phase until fertilization?

A

Metaphase II

36
Q

Zygote Week 1 events

A

1-2: blastomere, compaction

3: morula
4: blastocyst (trophoblast + embryoblast)
5: hatching (degeneration of ZP)

37
Q

Implantation of zygote normally occurs in the ______ wall of the uterus

A

Superior, posterior

38
Q

Totipotentiality

A

Could be anything

Ex. Blastomere

39
Q

Pluripotentiality

A

Can be any embryonic cell but not trophoblast cell

Ex. Embryoblast

40
Q

Multipotentiality

A

Commutes to becoming cells that have a particular function

41
Q

Describe the start of implantation

A

The syncitiotrophoblast invades the endometrium via enzymatic erosion. Hypoblast forms under embryoblast

42
Q

Describe day 8 of implantation

A

Amniotic cavity develops

Embryoblast becomes hypoblast and epiblast

Trophoblast becomes cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast

43
Q

Describe day 9 of implantation

A

Amnioblasts line amniotic cavity

Hypoblast cells form membrane called exocoelomic (Heuser’s) membrane

Blastocyst cavity = exocoelomic cavity

44
Q

What happens on day 11-12 post-fertilization?

A

Formation of chorionic cavity

45
Q

What happens on day 13 post-fertilization?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

46
Q

What happens on day 14 post-fertilization?

A

Localized area of hypoblast cells become columnar, this prechordal plate is an organizer of the head region

47
Q

If sperm count/motility is too poor for IUI or IVF, what can be done?

A

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

48
Q

If there is no sperm in the ejaculate, what can be done?

A

Testicular sperm extraction

Block 1 Week 2 (8 decks)

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