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Block 1 Week 2 > Histology - Bone And Cartilage > Flashcards

Histology - Bone And Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of cartilage

A

Extensive ECM with cells trapped within it, firm yet flexible, provides support, participates in bone growth, avascular

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2
Q

Cartilage is usually surrounded by ________, which is fibrous connective tissue

A

Perichondrium

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3
Q

The perichondrium has an outer fibrous layer composed of

A

Type I collagen and fibroblasts

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4
Q

The inner layer of the perichondrium is comprised of

A

Type I collagen, fibroblasts, and osteoprogenitor cells

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5
Q

______ manufacture the cartilage matrix, and are known as ______ when they become embedded within ______ in the matrix

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae

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6
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage

A

Chondroblast = immature cartilage fell on periphery

Chondrocyte = mature

Lacuna = occupied by chondrocyte

Capsule = basophilic matrix around lacuna

Isogenic cell nest = cluster of chondrocytes

Usually associated with perichondrium

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7
Q

Composition of hyaline cartilage

A

70% water, type II collagen 40% of dry weight, GAGs, various proteins and glycoproteins

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8
Q

Features of elastic cartilage

A

Contains type II collagen and elastic fibers

Appears fibrous and flexible

ALWAYS associated with perichondrium

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9
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

External ear, external auditory canal, auditory tube, epiglottis

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10
Q

Features of fibrocartilage

A

Isogenous aggregates often arranged in long rows

Type I and II collagen fibers in ECM

NEVER associated with perichondrium

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11
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks, attachments of ligaments, pubic symphysis

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12
Q

How to differentiate between types of cartilage

A

Hyaline appears glassy and regular

Elastic is much more fibrous, has a perichondrium

Fibrous never has perichondrium and cells are organized into rows

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13
Q

Describe appositional growth of cartilage

A

Occurs at periphery, chondrogenic cells differentiate into chondroblasts and add to cartilage at periphery

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14
Q

Define interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Adds to inner mass, only occurs during early stages of cartilage formation. No chondroblasts involved, pre-existing chondrocytes divide

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15
Q

Functions of bone

A

Protection, support, Ca/phosphate reservoir, translates skeletal muscle force into movement

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16
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers bone

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

Inner surface of bony tissue is lined by this thin vascular CT

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

The periosteum and endosteum provide nutrition and continuous supply of ________

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Synthesize bone matrix

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain bone matrix

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21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Remodel bone

22
Q

Osteocytes are embedded in _____

A

Lacunae (Haversian canal)

23
Q

The bone matrix is arranged in concentric ______

A

Lamellae

24
Q

Osteocytes send cytoplasmic extensions through _______

A

Canaliculi

25
Q

Osteocytes communicate with each other via ____ ______ located in cytoplasmic processes

A

Gap junctions

26
Q

Spongy bone is composed of interconnected _______

A

Trabeculae

27
Q

Cavities between trabeculae are filled with _____ ______

A

Bone marrow

28
Q

Trabeculae contain _____ and are lined by a layer of osteoblasts in _______

A

Osteocytes, endosteum

29
Q

Spongy bone is always surrounded by _____ _______

A

Compact bone

30
Q

Cells within the inner surface of the _______ give rise to osteoblasts

A

Periosteum

31
Q

Fibers of periosteum that anchor to bone are called

A

Sharpey’s fibers

32
Q

Osteoblasts secrete ______ and ______

A

Type I collagen

Proteoglycans and glycoproteins

33
Q

Newly formed bone matrix is called

A

Patel is

34
Q

Inorganic materials secreted by osteoblasts

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals, calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, magnesium, fluoride, sulfate

35
Q

What kind of crystals form during bone mineralization?

A

Hydroxyapatite

36
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Produce acidic micro environment that dissolved hydroxyapatite and digests collagen

37
Q

Osteoblasts occupy ______ at the edge of bone

A

Howship Lacuna or resorption bays

38
Q

Bone remodeling in adults

A

Osteoblasts bore a tunnel into bone matrix and are followed by osteoblasts depositing osteoid

39
Q

Intramembranous bone formation occurs in _____ and is the process by which _____ bones are formed

A

Fetus, flat

40
Q

In the presence of a vascular zone, mesenchyme cells condensed into ______ ______ ______, differentiate into ______, and begin secreting _______

A

Primary ossification centers, osteoblasts, osteoid

41
Q

During intramembranous bone formation, portions of the mesenchymal layer that do not undergo ossification become

A

The periosteum and endosteum

42
Q

Describe endochondral bone formation

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage served as model
  2. Initiates near middle of diaphysis
  3. Chondrocytes hypertrophy, degenerate, and the lacunae become marrow cavities
  4. Other ossification centers develop at epiphysis
43
Q

Describe appositional bone growth

A

Increases diameter of bone throughout childhood and puberty

44
Q

Endochondral bone growth continues until

A

Age 20

45
Q

Five zones of growing bone

A
  1. Reserve
  2. Proliferation
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Calcified cartilage
  5. Ossification
46
Q

Qualities of proliferation zone

A

High mitotic rate, cells look like stacks of coins

47
Q

Characteristics of zone of hypertrophy

A

Cells and lacunae enlarge

48
Q

Zone of calcification

A

Cartilage calcifies, cells die, blood vessels grow in from marrow cavity

49
Q

Zone of ossification

A

Calcifies cartilage is resorbed and replaced by bone

50
Q

PRH involvement in bone growth

A

Activated osteoclasts, maintains serum calcium, increases dissolution of bone and slowly induced proliferation of osteoclasts

Hypocalcemja increases PTH secretion

51
Q

Calcitonin role in bone growth

A

Secreted by parafollicular cells in thyroid, opposes effect of PTH

Reduces bone resorption and lowers blood calcium

Block 1 Week 2 (8 decks)

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