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Term 1 > Histology - Cell biology > Flashcards

Histology - Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Where are ribosomes found in the cell?

A

RER or free

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3
Q

What is the fate of membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

Go to Golgi

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4
Q

What do membrane-bound ribosomes produce?

A

(LSP)

  1. Lysosomal proteins
  2. Secreted proteins
  3. Plasma membrane proteins
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5
Q

What is the fate of proteins synthesized on free ribosomes?

A
  1. Nuclear proteins
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Cytosol
  4. Perixosomes
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6
Q

What is the role of the ER? Differentiate between SER & RER

A

Lipid (SER) & protein synthesis (RER)

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7
Q

With what is the ER continuous?

A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Who plays a major role in detoxifying within the sER?

A

Cytochrome p450 of SER (example/ hepatocyte)

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9
Q

What are the two faces of the Gogli Network?

A

Cis- entry

Trans- exit

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10
Q

Secretory cells have an especially well developed __________________. Give 2 examples of cells with this.

A

Golgi apparatus

  1. Plasma cells (secrete Ab)
  2. Pancreatic acinar cells (secrete digestive enzymes)
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11
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Post-translational modification
  2. Sorting
  3. Packaging
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12
Q

What are common processes that occur in the Golgi network?

A
  • PSG & P-
    1. Glycoyslation
    2. Sulfation
    3. Phosphorylation
    4. Proteolysis
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13
Q

Who mediates bidirectional traffic between the ER & Golgi? What are two types?

A

Coatomer-coated vesicles

COP-I: Retrograde (back to rER)
COP-II: Anterograde (to Golgi)

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14
Q

Neutrophil cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles. Another name for these vesicles is…

A

Granules

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of granules found in neutrophils?

A
  1. Azurophilic (primary)
  2. Specific (secondary)
  3. Tertiary
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16
Q

What are the components of the 3 types of granules found within neutrophils?

A
  1. Azurophilic - peroxidase (kill bacteria), defensins, lysozyme
  2. Specific - lysozyme, lactoferrin, complement activators
  3. Tertiary - phosphatases, metalloproteinases – facilitate naviagion
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17
Q

T/F Lysosomes require an acidic environment

A

True (pH 4.7)

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18
Q

Who are the digestive enzymes of the cell?

A

Lysososomes

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of a lysosomal storage disorder.

A
  1. Tay-Sachs (accumulation of undigested substrate)

2. Pompei disease (glycogen-storage)

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20
Q

Which receptor in the Golgi recognizes lysosomal proteins for transport to lysosomes?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

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21
Q

What are the 3 pathways to lysosomal digestion?

A

(A-E-P)

  1. Autophagy
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
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22
Q

Who destroys proteins without involving the lysosome?

A

Proteasome

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23
Q

T/F Proteasomes require ATP

A

True

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24
Q

Proteins targeted for destruction are covalently tagged by this molecule.

A

Ubiquitin

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25
Q

Destruction of abnormal proteins & short-lived regulatory proteins (i.e. cyclins, transcription factors, tumor suppressors) is done by this protein complex

A

Proteasome

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26
Q

What are 3 examples of cellular structures formed from metabolic products of the cell?

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Lipids
  3. Pigments
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27
Q

Give 3 examples of cellular-membrane bound pigments.

A
  1. Lipofucsin
  2. Hemosiderrin
  3. Melanin
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28
Q

These cellular complexes would generally be used as anti-cancer drugs.

A

Proteasomes

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29
Q

When lipid droplets accumulate in abnormal amounts or locations, what happens?

A

Lipidoses (aka. lipid storage disease)

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30
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2

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31
Q

Give 2 examples of mitochondrial dysfunctional diseases.

A
  1. MERRF

2. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

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32
Q

Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by primitive eukaryotes. Is the DNA ss or ds; linear, circular; maternally or paternally derived?

A

DS; Circular; maternal

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33
Q

What are the 4 functional zones of a mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer membrane - porins (free passage of small molecules), several enzymes, i.e. acetyl CoA synthase
  2. Intermembrane space - creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, cytochrome c (intrinsic apoptosis pathway)
  3. Inner membrane - oxidation reactions, sythesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport
  4. Matrix - PDH, TCA, storage Ca, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes & tRNAs
34
Q

This factor (found in the mitochondria’s intermembrane space) is an important factor in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

A

Cytochrome c

35
Q

These small organelles are particularly important in fat metabolism.

A

Peroxisomes

36
Q

Name 1 disease that results from a defective import of peroxisomal proteins

A

Zellweger Syndrome

37
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed mainly of these 3 things.

A
  1. Actin (microfilaments)
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules (tubulin)
38
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Maintain cell shape/support
  2. Provide the mechanism for cell movement
  3. Act as tracks for motor proteins that help move materials within the cell
39
Q

Actin is a microfilament or microtubule.

A

Microfilament

40
Q

What is the difference between G & F actin?

A

G-actin: free actin

F-actin: ATP-dependent polymerized actin

41
Q

T/F Actin is polarized

42
Q

What is the function of actin?

A

Extension of cell processes, motility, anchorage

* Structural core of microvilli & stereocilia

43
Q

Among the following list, which are micofilaments & which are microtubules?

Actin, cilia, microvilli, stereocilia, flagella

A

Microfilaments:
Actin, Microvilli, Stereocilia

Microtubules:
Cilia, Flagella

44
Q

Discuss the phalloidin toxin (A. phalloides).

A

Disrupts normal function of actin

  • Promotes excessive polymerization and inhibits depolymerization
  • Inhibits cell movement
45
Q

Discuss cytochalasins.

A

A fungal product; Block polymerization of actin; can be used to inhibit cell movement, division & induce programmed cell death

46
Q

Microvilli consist of microfilaments/microtubules. They terminate in a _________.

A

Microfilaments (25-30 actin); terminal web

47
Q

T/F Sterocilia are long cilia.

A

False – microvilli!

48
Q

Where are stereocili distributed?

A
  1. Epidiymis
  2. Proximal ductus defererns
  3. Sensory cells ear
49
Q

Actin combines with __________ to form a molecular motor unit.

50
Q

What are the 5 steps of the POWER STROKE?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Release (ATP binds – actin X myosin)
  3. Bending (ATP hydrolysis) & conformational change
  4. Force generation (POWER STROKE)
  5. Reattachment (rigor)
51
Q

T/F Intermediate filaments are polarized

52
Q

What are the 6 classes of intermediate filaments?

A

1 & 2: Keratins (found in all epithelial cells)

  1. Vimentin (most distributed; GFAP - astrocytes)
  2. Neurofilaments (neurons)
  3. Lamins (nuclear lamina)
  4. Beaded filaments (lens)
53
Q

Which structural component of cells form desmosomes & hemidesmosomes?

A

Intermediate filaments

54
Q

What are centrioles?

A

9 triplets of microtubules arranged around a central axis

  • Organizes the centrosome
  • Basal body formation (cilia/flagella)
  • Mitotic spindle formation
55
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

MTOC (microtubule organizing center)

* Contains a pair of centrioles

56
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Intracellular transport [railroad tracks]
  2. Cell motility
  3. Mitotic spindle
  4. Rigid intracellular skeleton
57
Q

What does a microtubule consist of?

A
  1. Non-branching, rigid, hollow tube

2. Alpha and beta tubulin

58
Q

T/F Microtubules are polarized

59
Q

T/F Microtubules are ATP dependent

A

False - GTP!

60
Q

These microtubule associated proteins are associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Tau proteins

61
Q

T/F Actin requires ATP

A

True (microtubules require GTP)

62
Q

Name 2 mitotic spindle poisons

A

Anti-cancer drugs

  1. Colchicine – prevents polymerization of tubulin– related: vinblastine, vincristine
  2. Taxol – prevents microtubule disassembly
63
Q

Microtubules consist of 2 families of proteins.

A
  1. Kinesin family (- –> +)

2. Dyenin family (+ –> -)

64
Q

T/F Cilia are composed of a 9+3 arrangement of microtubules

A

False: 9+2 (9 doublets, central doublet)

65
Q

Cilia and flagella move by bending of the core. This core is referred to as:

66
Q

The arrangement of microtubules in cilia is:

A

9+2

* Pair of dyenin arms; move fluid and particles along epithelial surfaces

67
Q

Non-motile cilia results in this disease

A

Kartenger’s disease

68
Q

Primary, non-motile ciliia, are arranged with microtubules in this fashion

69
Q

Give 3 examples of primary cilia

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptros
70
Q

Defects in mechanoreceptors can lead to this disease.

A

PKD (polycistic kidney disease)

71
Q

Plasma membrane protrusion is driven by

A

Actin polymerization

72
Q

The movement of actin web is referred to as

A

Treadmilling (assembling at front, disassembling at back)

73
Q

Describe the protein relationships:
Filopodia
Lamellipodia
Pseudopodia

A

Filopodia - Rho
Lamellipodia - Rac
Pseudopodia - Cdc42

74
Q

Describe where we find these:
Filopodia
Lamellipodia
Pseudopodia

A

Filopodia - fibroblasts
Lamellipodia - fibroblasts, epi cells, neurons
Pseudopodia - neutrophils

75
Q

Neutrophils migrate from the blood to the tissues through vessels. This is called

A

Extravasation

76
Q

Migration of neutrophils across endothelium is called

A

Transmigration [the process of diapedesis]

77
Q

Movement of leukocytes within tissue

A

Chemotaxis

78
Q

Products of inflammation would promote the expression of these receptors on endothelial surfaces

A

Selectin receptors

79
Q

Chemokines from injured cells induce the expression of ___________ on leukocytes & _____________ receptors on endothelial cells

80
Q

Microtubules grow at the plus/minus end by the polymerization of tubulin dimer

81
Q

Kinesin move toward: +/-

Dynein move toward +/-

A

Kinesin: +
Dynein: -

Term 1 (10 decks)

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