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Term 1 > Anatomy - Embryology > Flashcards

Anatomy - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does menarche occur in females?

A

Age 12-15

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2
Q

When does puberty occur in males?

A

13-16

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3
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine (Fallopian) tube

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4
Q

What is the inferior part of the birth canal?

A

Vagina

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the uterus?

A

Upper 2/3 = body

Lower 1/3 = cervix

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6
Q

What is the constricted region between the uterine body & cervix called?

A

Isthmus

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7
Q

The 2 constricted openings at the superior and inferior uterus are called:

A

Internal os (body of uterus); external os (opening to vagina)

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus? (Superficial to deep)

A

Perimetrium (thin external)
Myometrium (thick smooth muscle)
Endometrium (thin internal)

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9
Q

What is sloughed off during menstruation?

A

Functional layer (endometrium)

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10
Q

What structure protects & nourishes the fetus during pregnancy?

A

Uterus

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11
Q

Who produces estrogen & progesterone?

A

Ovaries

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12
Q

During spermatogenesis/oogenesis, the first meiotic division …

A

Chromosome number diploid –> haploid

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13
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

One from each parent

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14
Q

When do homologous chromosomes pair and cross-over?

A

Prophase I

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15
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of each chromosome

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16
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

One from mother, corresponding one from father

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17
Q

T/F In meiosis, homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs

A

True; when paired, non-sister chromatids can trade places (cross-over)

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18
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids separate

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19
Q

What is it called when homologous chromosomes fail to separate?

A

Nondisjunction

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20
Q

What is trisomy 21?

A 
Down syndrome (gamete with 24 chromosomes unites with a normal one)
* Trisomy 21 = three chromosome 21's
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21
Q

What is Mittelschmerz?

A

A sign of ovulation; may be used as a sign of ovulation, but more accurate measurements i.e. basal temperature

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22
Q

What are the 4 major hormones that govern ovulation?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, FSH & LH

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23
Q

What is the acellular hlycoprotein coat that surrounds the secondary oocyte?

A

Zona pellucia

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24
Q

Degeneration of the corpus luteum is governed by which hormone?

A

hCG

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25
Q

Contraceptives prevent…

A

Ovulation

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26
Q

How many sperm per mL semen?

A

100 million

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27
Q

How much sperm per ejaculation?

A

3 mL semen / 300 million sperm

28
Q

What is vasectomy?

A

Bi-lateral excision of vas deferens

29
Q

Where is typical site of fertilization?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube (proximal to the infundibulum)

30
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

The cellular layer outside the zona pellucida

31
Q

Differentiate between the trophoblast and the embryoblast?

A

Embryoblast: discrete group of blastomeres
Trophoblast: thin outer cells that give rise to the embryological placenta

32
Q

What are the 2 layers of the trophoblast and what special factor do they secrete?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblast [cellular layer]
  2. Syncyntiotrophoblast [pierces endometrium]
    * Secrete early pregnancy factor at 24-48 hours post-fertilization
33
Q

What is the difference between the epiblast and the hypoblast?

A

Epiblast: will eventually form the embryo
Hypoblast: thin cell lining of the blastocyst cavity [lines primitive yolk sac]

34
Q

What cells line the primitive yolk sac?

A

Hypoblast cells

35
Q

Which chromosome is the male chromosome?

A

Y

36
Q

What percentage of pregnancies result in early spontaneous abortion?

A

45%

37
Q

What is the commonest reason of spontaneous abortions?

A

Chromsomal abnormalities

38
Q

Why might it be important to determine the sex of the cleaving zygote in vitro?

A

Families with sex-linked diseases

39
Q

Which part of the blatocyst penetrates the endometrium?

A

Synciotrophoblast

40
Q

What does the synciotrophoblast secrete?

A

hCG (early pregnancy tests)

41
Q

What is the bilaminar disk?

A

Epiblast + Hypoblast

42
Q

What is the chorionic cavity?

A

The space surrounding the primary yolk sac and amniotic sac, except where the connecting stalk attaches to the cytotrophoblast of the blastocyst

43
Q

What suspends the embryo, amniontic sac & umbilical vesicle to the chorionic cavity?

A

The connecting stalk

44
Q

Where is the commonest site of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Uterine tube

45
Q

Does the morning after-pill (large doses of estrogen) prevent fertilization or implantation?

A

Implantation – a large amount of estrogen disturbs the normal balance between estrogen and progesterone that is necessary to prepare the endometrium for implantation

46
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Uterine tube

47
Q

Where does implantation take place?

A

Posterior uterine wall

48
Q

This type of device can be inserted into the uterus through the vagina & cervix which prevents implantation

A

IUD (intra-uterine device)

49
Q

What are “mesenchymal cells”?

A

Mesoderm – have the potential to differentiate into fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts

50
Q

The notochord is the precursor to: (2)

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Future site of vertebral bodies
    * * Nucleus pulposis**
51
Q

The early embryo has 2 membranes (one caudal, one cranial). What are they?

A
  1. Oropharyngeal membrane

2. Cloacal membrane

52
Q

What structure extends from the caudal wall of the umbilical vesicle into the connecting stalk?

A

The allantois

53
Q

The blood vessels of this structure become the umbilical arteries and veins

A

Allantois

54
Q

This process forms the neural plate, neural folds and their closure

A

Neurulation

55
Q

What are the most common tumors in newborns?

A

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (remnant of the primitive streak – pluripotent cells – can include tissues derived of all 3 germ layers)

56
Q

Failure of the neural folds to fuse and form the neural tube can result in: (2 – 1 caudal, 1 cranial)

A

Caudal: spina bifida cystica
Cranial: anencephaly (meroencephaly)

57
Q

Differentiate between the products of the 4th left/right pharyngeal arches.

A

L: aortic arch
R: r. subclavian

58
Q

Differentiate between the products of the 6th left/right pharyngeal arches.

A

L: PA, ductus arteriosis
R: PA

59
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to:

A

MOTEL PASS

  • Melanocytes
  • Odontoblasts
  • Tracheal cartilage
  • Enterochromaffin cells
  • Laryngeal cartilage
  • Pseudounipolor
  • All ganglia/adrenal medulla
  • Schwann cells
60
Q

Differentiate between the derivatives of the ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm.

A

Ectoderm: epithelium & communication
Mesoderm: movement (muscles, ligs, cart)
Endoderm: excretory (GI, resp., urinary)

61
Q

What is the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of the fetus?

A

Ultrasound

62
Q

Differentiate between chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis.

A

CVS: earlier (sample chorionic tissue)
Amnio: fluid from amniotic cavity

63
Q

Alpha fetoprotein levels would indicate:

A
  1. Open neural tube defects

2. Ventral wall defects (gastroschesis/omphalocele)

64
Q

How might we measure the age of the fetus?

A

Chorionic sac size (ultrasound)

65
Q

What is the general name of functional endometrium of a gravid woman?

A

Decidua

Term 1 (10 decks)

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