Histology - bone development

Question 1

ossification/osteogenesis

Answer 1

making bone

Question 2

Intramembranous development happens in ____ bone

Answer 2

cancellous/spongy

Question 3

intracartilaginous development happens in ____ bone

Answer 3

long

Question 4

intramembranous developmet in which bone develops in

Answer 4

mesenchymal membranes

Question 5

intracartilaginous ossification in which bone develops in a

Answer 5

cartilage model

Question 6

middle layer of spongy bone in flat bones are called

Answer 6

diploe

Question 7

osteoblasts are ____ ____ cells

Answer 7

bone forming

Question 8

some developing osteoblasts start to secrete and surround themselves with bone organic intercellular substance known as

Answer 8

osteoid

Question 9

the organic substance turns into bone through the activity of _____ ______ enzyme secreted by osteoblasts

Answer 9

alkaline phosphatase

Question 10

intramembranous ossification - the first bone formed is small and tiny and is called

Answer 10

spicule

Question 11

osteoblasts are

Answer 11

multinucleated

Question 12

osteoclasts present in

Answer 12

Hawship’s lacunae

Question 13

intramembranous ossification - the location at which the one firsts develops

Answer 13

primary center of ossification

Question 14

bone develops first as a spicule which enlarges in size to become a

Answer 14

trabeculum

Question 15

necrotic bone/infectious bone has

Answer 15

no nucleus in lacunae

Question 16

cavities between the trabeculae are called

Answer 16

primary morrow cavities

Question 17

primary morrow cavities gradually becomes filled with

Answer 17

red bone marrow

Question 18

hematopoetic tissue are

Answer 18

blood forming tissues

Question 19

the cartilage model in intracartilaginous ossification is made up of _____ _____ covered by _____

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage; periosteum

Question 20

hyaline cartilage does not have

Answer 20

fibers

Question 21

the deposition of the bone in the center of the diaphysis constitues as the

Answer 21

primary ossification center

Question 22

secondary ossification centers in intracartilaginous ossification appear

Answer 22

at the epiphyses

Question 23

plate of cartilage that remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis to constitute the

Answer 23

epiphyseal cartilage plate/disc

Question 24

activity of the epiphyseal plate - resting cartilage zone

Answer 24

hyaline cartilage with cells and cell nests scattered in the matrix

Question 25

activity of the epiphyseal plate - proliferating or arranged cartilage zone

Answer 25

flattened chondrocytes in longitudinal columns like piles of coins. minimal cartilage between them

Question 26

activity of the epiphyseal plate - mature cartilage zone

Answer 26

cartilage cells that appear large and rounded or cuboidal. cells capable of producting hte enzyme alkaline phosphatase which brings about the calciication of cartilage matrix gradually

Question 27

activity of the epiphyseal plate - calcified and degenerating cartilage zone

Answer 27

cartilage cells imprisoned inside their lacunae undergo degeneration as a lack of nutrition

Question 28

activity of the epiphyseal plate - emptying of lacunae

Answer 28

lacunae open to one another; creating multiple longitudinal tunnels. cross sections at this zone presents a honey-comb appearance

Question 29

activity of the epiphyseal plate - ossification zone

Answer 29

tunnels fill with vascular osteogenic tissue from marrow cavity. osteoblasts line up over calcified tunnel walls and lay down bone. first bone to develop is cancellous and outer zone turns to compact bone

Question 30

bones need an adequate amount of

Answer 30

calcium and vitamin D

Question 31

calcium makes bone

Answer 31

hard

Question 32

vitamin D absorbs

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

deficiency of vit D results in

Answer 33

faulty absorption of calcium and a diminished concentration of phosphate in blood

Question 34

Vit D leads to ____ in children and _____ in adults

Answer 34

rickets; osteomalacia

Question 35

vit c deficiency leads to

Answer 35

inability of cells to produce and maintain the collagen and ground substance

Question 36

vit a deficiency causes

Answer 36

inability of osteoblasts to form bone matrix normally leading to delays of growth and remodeling of bone

Question 37

4 hormonal factors

Answer 37

growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin hormone and sex hormones

Question 38

growth hormone essential for

Answer 38

normal bone growth

Question 39

too little or too much growth hormone leads to

Answer 39

dwarfism or gigantism/acromegaly

Question 40

parathyroid hormone stimulates ____ to ____ blood calcium levels. mobilizes ____ and activates bone _____

Answer 40

osteoclasts; increase. calcium and resorption

Question 41

thyrocalcitonin hormone stimulates ____ and inhibits _____. also inhibits ___ mobilization and ____ of bone

Answer 41

osteoblasts, osteoclasts. calcium, resorption

Question 42

3 types of joints according to function

Answer 42

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Question 43

synarthrosis

Answer 43

no movement

Question 44

amphiarthrosis

Answer 44

limited mobility

Question 45

diartrosis

Answer 45

free mobility

Question 46

3 types of joints according to structure

Answer 46

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 47

fibrous joints

Answer 47

opposing surfaces are attached by fibrous tissue

Question 48

cartilaginous joints

Answer 48

opposing surfaces are attached together b fibrocartilage

Question 49

synovial joints

Answer 49

no attachment occurs between articulating surface, but bones are held together by an articular capsule and separated by a narrow interval containing synovial fluid

Question 50

articular cartilage is in the form of a shell of

Answer 50

hyaline cartilage

Question 51

articular cartilage is not covered by ___ and depends on it for

Answer 51

perichondrium; nutrition

Question 52

articular capsule is made of

Answer 52

tough, fibrous connective tissue

Question 53

synovial membrane lines _____ and can form capsules called

Answer 53

joint cavity; bursae

Question 54

synovial joints may contain intra-articualr discs called

Answer 54

menisci