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GI > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of epithelium covers the; oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium which is not generally keratinised

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2
Q

what covers the nasal and nasopharynx ?

A

covered by the respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

tongue - what covers the anterior 2/3

A

statified squamous epithelium, thin on ventral surface, thick with papillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

tongue - what covers the posterior 1/3

A

smooth stratified squamous epithelium which for the most part lacks papillae but does have substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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5
Q

tongue - papillae (the different types)

A

fungiform
foliate
circumvallate
filiform (this one doesn’t have tastebuds)

**need to know what they look like

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6
Q

what does the pharynx consist of

A

a ring of lymphoid tissue composed of the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

**what does it look like though?

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7
Q

what are the 4 major layers the digestive track is made out of?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa or adventitia

**what do they look like in comparison to each other?

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8
Q

mucosa

A

-is made up of 3 parts
>epithelium which sits on a basal lamina
>lamina propia which is loose connective tissue
>muscularis mucosae which is a thin layer of smooth muscle

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9
Q

submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

muscularis externa

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

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11
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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12
Q

variations in the GI tract mucosa

A

bar = mucosal layer

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13
Q

what is the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the cardia of the stomach

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14
Q

what are gastric pits

A

holes in the stomach epithelium and gastric glands reside at the bottom of them
>they are lined by surface mucous cells

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15
Q

cells of the stomach epithelium

A

the cells of the gastric gland are not evenly distributed
>the isthmus has mostly parietal cells and stem cells
>the fundus is mostly chief cells with a few parietal cells and enteroendocrine cells (neuroendocrine cells)

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16
Q

chief cell

A

a digestive enzyme secreting cell

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17
Q

cells of the stomach epithelium

A

the cells of the gastric gland are not evenly distributed
>the isthmus has mostly parietal cells and stem cells
>the neck is mostly parietal cells and mucous cells
>the fundus is mostly chief cells with a few parietal cells and enteroendocrine cells (neuroendocrine cells)

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18
Q

the stomach regions

A

cardia
body
pylorus

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19
Q

cardia (mucosa)

A

deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed, tortuous glands

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20
Q

body/fundus (mucosa)

A

shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands

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21
Q

pylorus (mucosa)

A

deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

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22
Q

muscularis externa of the stomach

A

is unusual in that in areas it contains an additional layer
>this layer is oblique to the usual circulation and longitudinal muscle layers and is located internal to the circular layer
>this aids churning

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23
Q

gastroduodenal junction

A

an abrupt transitions from stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa
>the inner circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened to from the pyloric sphincter PS

24
Q

what are the finger like projections and what resides at the bottom of them

A

> villi

>crypts of Lieberkuhn

25
Q

small intestine segments

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

26
Q

duodenum

A

contains Brunner’s glands in the submucosa

27
Q

jejunum

A

tallest villi, located on permanent circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa, the place circulars. Lymphoid follicles infrequent

28
Q

ileum

A

characterised by shorted villi and aggregations of lymphoid follicle called Peyer’s patches found in the submucosa and often extending into the lamina propria

29
Q

the cells of the small intestine epithelium

A 
enterocytes 
goblet cells 
paneth cells 
enteroendocrine cells 
stem cells
30
Q

enterocytes

A

the most numerous cells, they are tall columnar cells with a brush border and are the principle absorptive cell

31
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material

32
Q

paneth cells

A

found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

they have a defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora - they secrete lysozyme and definsins

33
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility ie gastrin, cholecystokinin CCK, and vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP

34
Q

stem cells

A

found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

they divide to replenish epithelium

35
Q

duodenum

A

receives the acidic, partly digested semifluid material called chyme form the stomach
>it has glands located in the submucosa - Brunner’s glands and when stimulated by the presence of chyme they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme

36
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

what does it look like ?

37
Q

Jejunum cross section

A
  • the plicae are not just folds of the mucosa but also they contain submucosa
38
Q

Ileum

A

there is a substantial amount of lymphoid tissue associated with the gut
>much of this consists of scattered lymphocytes but areas of excessively large aggregations of lymphoid tissue exist, particularly in the ileum
Peyer’s patches

39
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymphoid tissue aggregations in the ileum

40
Q

what is the general structure of the large intestine

A

look it up !

41
Q

cells of the large intestinal epithelium

A

absorptive cells
goblets cells
**these are arranged in straight, tubular glands, referred to as crypto’s that extend down to the muscularis mucosae

42
Q

absorptive cells

A

for removal of salts and thereby water

43
Q

goblet cells

A

for the secretion of mucous to lubricate the colon

44
Q

the large intestine

A

**the outer, longitudinal smooth muscle is distinct

>is not continuous but found in three muscular strips called the teniae coli

45
Q

what is the appendix

A

> blind-ending hollow extension of the cecum
the structure is similar to the rest of the colon but the crypts are far less abundant and there is typically a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often in the lamina propria
the lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age

46
Q

rectoanal junction

A

> there is a distinction junction between the mucosa of the rectum and the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal
the long anal canal is continuous with the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the surrounding skin

47
Q

ENS

A

> receives input from the autonomic nervous system but is capable of coordinating gut motility locally
the interconnected network of fibres has two plexuses one in the submucosa and one between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa (myenteric)

48
Q

ENS

A

> receives input from the autonomic nervous system but is capable of coordinating gut motility locally
the interconnected network of fibres has two plexuses one in the submucosa and one between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa (myenteric)

**has the same number of neurons as the spinal cord

49
Q

myenteric plexus

A

an interconnected network that controls gut motility

50
Q

ganglion

A

a group of neurones living outside of the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

submucosal plexus

A

the second network of neurons found in the submucosa that controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae and also helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

52
Q

different types of mucosa in the digestive tract

A

protective
secretory
absorptive
protective

53
Q

protective mucosa

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium ie oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

54
Q

secretory

A

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands ie stomach

55
Q

absorptive

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands ie small intestine

56
Q

protective and absorptive

A

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands ie large intestine

GI (39 decks)

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