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REPRODUCTION & GYNAECOLOGY > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main roles of the ovary?

A

Produce gametes (oogenesis in females)

Produce steroids, mainly oestrogens and progestogens

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2
Q

What are the 2 main layers of the ovarian structure?

A

A medulla and a cortex

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3
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A 
loose connective tissue
tortuous  vessels (arteries, veins and lymphatics)
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4
Q

What does the cortex of the ovary contain?

A
  • scattered ovarian follicles
  • highly cellular connective tissue stroma.
  • outer ‘shell’ of the cortex = dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea
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5
Q

What is the name given to the single layer of cuboidal cells covering the outside of the tunica albuginea?

A

germinal epithelium

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6
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the germinal epithelium?

A

Many ovarian cancers arise from this small layer

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovary?

A

Helicine arteries

- these enter the hilum from the broad ligament and supply blood to the ovary

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8
Q

Germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries to become what type of cells?

A

Oogonia

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9
Q

How are oocytes formed?

A

Meiosis division of oogonia (oogenesis)

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10
Q

What is meant by folliculogenesis?

A

growth of the follicle which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells.

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11
Q

When are most oogonia (precusors to oocytes) present in a females ovaries?

A

7 months in utero

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12
Q

Where in meiosis do the oocytes halt and why?

A

Prophase I

further development is only required if that oocyte becomes the dominant one (i.e. for ovulation)
=> many will remain in this state for several decades

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13
Q

Describe the different types of follicle found during follicle development

A

Primordial
Primary (early/late)
Secondary
Mature Graafian follicle

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14
Q

Why is it important for an oocyte to associate with the flat cells surrounding it during its development?

A

If it does not associate with Pregranulosa cells it will die

  • these cells become cuboidal upon the oocyte entering the growth phase
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15
Q

What layer of extracellular matrix between the oocyte and granulosa cells is visible in a primary follicle?

A

Zona Pellucida

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16
Q

In a late primary follicle, what layers begin to form outside of the granulosa cell layer?

A

theca interna - goes on to secrete oestrogen precursors, converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells (GC).

Theca Externa = outer layer, fibroblast-like

17
Q

What can be seen in a secondary follicle?

A

Antrum (new space) becomes filled with follicular fluid
- forms and enlarges in the granulosa cell layer
=> forming a secondary follicle

18
Q

Explain how meiosis progresses in the dominant follicle for ovulation

A
  • oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete meiosis 1
  • produce one cell called a secondary oocyte, similar in size to primary oocyte
  • also produces a tiny polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate.
19
Q

What is the follicular stigma?

A
  • pressurised area of ovary where tunica albuginea is parted aside
    => indicating imminent rupture of the follicle.
  • This will release the oocyte and the granulosa cells that surround it
20
Q

How does pregnancy prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum?

A

If implantation occurs, the placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

=> CL maintains progesterone levels, which maintains the pregnancy

21
Q

Describe the epithelium in the fallopian tubes and how this is useful?

A
  • ciliated epithelium
  • Secretory cells in the epithelium secrete nutrients.
    => egg can be given nutrients and moved down the tube by cilia towards the uterus
22
Q

Describe the histological appearance of the ampulla of the uterine tube

A
  • mucosa is highly folded
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • ciliated cells and secretory cells
  • surrounded by smooth muscle
23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium (glandular tissue and stroma)

Myometrium (3 layers of smooth muscle
with collagen and elastin)

Perimetrium (loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium)

24
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium and what are their functions?

A 
Stratum Functionalis (F)  which undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss.
- arteries in this tissue constrict to allow for shedding
Stratum Basalis (B) which is a reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis. 
- arteries in this tissue do not constrict, but help to regenerate the above tissue
25
Q

Describe the appearance of uterine glands in the secretory phase?

A

coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

26
Q

Describe the change of epithelium in the cervical canal and what the clinical relevance of this site is

A

Changes from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium towards the outside of the body

This transition zone is a common site of dysplasia, and neoplastic changes leading to cervical cancer

27
Q

What type of fluid is secreted by the endocervical glands?

A
  • thin and watery in the proliferative phase (allowing the passage of sperm)
  • thick and viscous following ovulation (preventing the passage of sperm, or microorganisms)
28
Q

A blockage of the endocervical glands can cause what?

A

Nabothian cyst

29
Q

What are the four histological layers in the vaginal walls?

A
  • Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (appear clear due to glycogen accumulation)
  • Lamina propria: connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
  • Fibromuscular layer: inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
  • Adventitia
30
Q

How are the vaginal walls lubricated if there are no glands in the vaginal wall?

A
  • lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands AND fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria
31
Q

How does the accumulation of glycogen in the vaginal walls contribute to preventing infection?

A

Commensal bacteria metabolize the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

32
Q

Describe the hair follicles found in the mons pubis

A
  • highly oblique hair follicles
    => produce coarse, very curly hair
  • overly fat pad which itself overlies the pubic symphysis
33
Q

What type of glands are found on the labia majora?

A

apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

34
Q

Describe the histological make up of the clitoris?

A
  • two tubes of erectile vascular tissue

- covered by a fibrocollagenous sheath

35
Q

Describe the differences between the labia majora and minora

A

lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles

BUT are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

REPRODUCTION & GYNAECOLOGY (58 decks)

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