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Cardiovascular (Annie) > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 systems makes up the circulatory system?

A

1) cardiovascular system

2) lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

is the cardiovascular system closed or open?

A

a CLOSED system.

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3
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
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4
Q

what are the 5 roles of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) transports O2 & nutrients to tissues
2) transports CO2 & metabolic waste from issue
3) temperature regulation
4) distribution of hormones & immune cells
5) reproductive function in males; penile erection

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5
Q

Where is the majority of the blood found?

A

in peripheral veins

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6
Q

describe the cumulative volume of the capillaries compared to the cumulative surface area of capillaries?

A

Cumulative volume = small

Cumulative surface area = huge

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7
Q

3 layer that make up blood vessels and where they are from inner to outer..

A

1) tunica intima = insipide
2) tunica media = middle
3) tunic adventitia =outer

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8
Q

what is the inner layer, tunica intimacy made up of?

A
  • squamous epithelial cells = endothelial cells

- supported by a basal lamina & thin layer of connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the tunica media made up of?

A

smooth muscle

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10
Q

what is the outer layer, the tunica adventitia made up of?

A

supporting connective tissue

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11
Q

how is the tunica intimacy separated from the tunica media?

A

= internal elastic membrane (layer of elastic tissue)

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12
Q

how is the tunica media is separated from the tunica adventia?

A

= external elastic membrane (layer of elastic tissue)

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13
Q

what colour do elastic fibres stain?

A

stain black

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14
Q

where are the largest arteries found and what are they called?

A

Found
- closest to heart, aorta

Called
elastic arteries

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15
Q

why are the largest arteries called elastic arteries?

A

as they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to prove elastic recoil

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16
Q

in large vessels, which part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen and why ?

A

= only the inner part of the wall

- as they have their own vascular supply

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17
Q

what is the inner part of the vessels wall own vascular supply Called?

A

vasa vasorum

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18
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?

what do arterioles lack?

A

= 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media

= NO adventitia

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19
Q

when are arterioles important?

A

in controlling blood flow in a tissue

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20
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

what do capillaries lack in terms of their layers?

A

endothelial cells & a basal lamina

Lack;
- adventitia & media

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21
Q

what else do capillaries often have?

A

pericytes at intervals just outside the basal lamina

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22
Q

what are pericytes?

A

connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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23
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoidal or discontinuous

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24
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A
  • muscle
  • connective tissue
  • lung
  • skinn
  • nerve
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25
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A
  • mucosa of gut
  • endocrine glands
  • glomeruli of kidney
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26
Q

what do sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries lack and what does this therefore allow?

A

lack a basal lamina

= allowing macromolecules & cells to pass through

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27
Q

where are sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries found?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
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28
Q

what are microvascular networks?

A

small arterioles connecting to a post-capillary venue through a network made up of meta-arterioles, through channels & capillaries

29
Q

what are metarterioles?

A

smallest vessel before capillaries

30
Q

what are venues?

A

smallest vessel after capillaries - stage between capillaries & veins

31
Q

what do post-capillary venues lined with?

what do post-capillary venues contain?

A
  • endothelial cell-lined

- containing a thin layer of connective tissue & pericytes

32
Q

when vessels begin to acquire intermittent smooth muscle, what are cells in the tunica media layer called?

A

venues

33
Q

what are veins composed of?

A
  • tunica intima

- relatively thin but continuous tunica media consisting of a few layers of smooth muscle

34
Q

how is the tunica media different in a vein compared to a muscle artery?

A

= thinner than would be found in a muscle artery

35
Q

what are 2 examples of the largest vein?

A

1) vena cava

2) hepatic total vein

36
Q

Yes or No.

Does veins have a thick tunica adventita?

A

yes.

37
Q

Yes or No.

Are veins flexible… explain?

A

Yes - allows expansion & thus can contain most of the blood in the body

38
Q

what are valves made of?

A

= inward extensions of the tunica intima

39
Q

what is he main difference between an artery and a vein?

A

tunica media is thinner in a vein compared to an artery

40
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart and describe their location from inner to outside?

A

1) endocardium - inner
2) myocardium - middle
3) epicardium - outer

41
Q

what structures does the endocardium contain? (5)

A
  • endothelium
  • basal lamina
  • thin layer of collagen fibres
  • layer of denser connective tissue
  • sub-endocardium of loose connective tissue that contains small blood vessels & neves & branches of impulse conducting the system
42
Q

what structures does the myocardium contain? (3)

A
  • bundles & layers of contractile cardiac muscles fibres

- muscle fibres surrounded by connective tissue with rich network of capillaries (as its aerobic tissue)

43
Q

where is the single nucleus located in cardiac muscle cells?

A

centrally

44
Q

why do cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs?

A

present to bolt cardiac muscle cells to their neighbour

45
Q

what is mesothelium?

A

a single layer of flattened epithelium on surface of the heart

46
Q

what does the epicardium contain?

A
  • basal lamina

- fibro-elastic connective tissue & adipose tissue

47
Q

where would coronary vessels be embedded?

A

in adipose tissue on surface of the heart

48
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pericardium?

A

1) fibrous

2) serous (parietal & visceral)

49
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium made up of?

A

sac of tough fibre-collagenous connective tissue

50
Q

what is serous pericardium made up of?

A

layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) backed up by basal lamina & connective tissue

51
Q

what are the two layers separated by?

A

a thin pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid for lubrication of the heart

52
Q

what is the heart skeleton and what does it do?

A

= thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around the heart valves, between atria & ventricles.

  • supports valves, providing attachment for cardiac muscle fibres
  • electrically isolates the aria from he ventricles
53
Q

what are heart valves made of?

A
  • dense core of connective tissue = lamina fibres

- outer endothelial layer with a basal lamina

54
Q

what are the leaflets of valves, separating the atrium from the ventricles, anchored to?

A

anchored to papillary muscles in walls of ventricle by collagenous strands celled chord tendinaea

55
Q

what does the chord tendinaea merge with?

A

lamina fibrosa

56
Q

Yes or No.

are there blood vessels in he valves?

A

no

57
Q

where is the lamina fibres located?

A

core of the heart

58
Q

what is the lamina fibrosa made up of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with fibrous skeleton of heart

59
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

1) contractile cells
2) pacemaker cells
3) conducing cells

60
Q

what are pacemaker cells?

A

specialised muscle cells

61
Q

describe the size of pacemaker cells?

A

considerably smaller than contractile cardiac myocytes

62
Q

histologically, how do they appear?

A

pale

63
Q

describe the size of Purkinje Fibres?

A

larger than cardiac muscle cells

64
Q

where are purkinje fibres found?

A

in sub-endocardial layer just deep to the endocardium

65
Q

what does the lymphatic vascular system do?

A

consists of lymphatic vessels that drain tissue fluid, eventually returning it to veins in base of neck

66
Q

describe the walls of the lymph system?

A

thin walls the drain excess interstitial fluid into blood stream

67
Q

where does most of the interstitial fluid return?

A

capillaries & venous vessels

- but a portion returns to the circulator system

68
Q

Yes or NO.

do lymphatic vessels have a central pump?

A

No.
- they have smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in the tissue & compression of vessels by voluntary muscle, combined with valves in vessel which produces flow

Cardiovascular (Annie) (36 decks)

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