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Cardiovascular (Annie) > Anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

where do the phrenic nerves originate from?

A

the neck

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2
Q

where do the phrenic nerves pass down to eventually reach?

A

pass down between the lungs and heart to reach the diaphragm

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3
Q

what is the phrenic nerve innervation (e.g. C…)?

A

C3-5

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4
Q

where would you anatomically find the phrenic nerves?

A

descending across the lateral borders of the pericardium

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5
Q

what are the 3 membranous layers that encircle the heart in the pericardium called?

A

1) fibrous
2) parietal
3) visceral

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6
Q

what can the visceral layer also be called?

A

the inner epicardium

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7
Q

what is the name given when the parietal and visceral pericardium join together?

A

the serous pericardium

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8
Q

what is the layer of the pericardium that is the outmost layer?

A

fibrous

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9
Q

what is the layer of the pericardium that is the middle layer?

A

parietal

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10
Q

what is the layer of the pericardium that is the innermost layer?

A

visceral

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11
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

the potential space formed between the two layers of serous pericardium

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12
Q

what is the term given if this pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A

Haemo-pericardium

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13
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

a condition where the pericardial cavity fills with blood therefore increasing the pressure around the heart so much so that it PREVENTS CARDIAC CONTRACTION

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14
Q

what is pericardiocentesis?

A

drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

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15
Q

where is the pericardiocentesis needle placed?

A
  • instead via infra-sternal angle, directed super-posteiorly
  • another location is through the 5th or 6th intercostal space at the left sternal border at the cardiac notch of the left lung
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16
Q

what is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

= a space within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly

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17
Q

where does this transverse pericardial sits lie?

what does it allow cardiac surgeons to identify & isolate?
Name the 5 great vessels,

A

lies POSTERIOR to the ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk

Identify & isolate great vessels allowing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Great vessels;

  • aorta
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary vein
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18
Q

as the surgeons fingertip emerges from the sinus where is it near to?

A

it is anterior to the SVC

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19
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

A

1) anterior (sternocostal) surface
2) base (posterior) surface
3) inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

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20
Q

what are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

1) right (lateral) border
2) left (lateral) border
3) inferior border
4) superior border

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21
Q

what side is the important apex usually on?

A

the LEFT SIDE

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22
Q

where is the apex located?

A

the 5th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line (mitral area)

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23
Q

what is special about this apex?

A

you can palate it

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24
Q

the the heat undergoes cardiac enlargement, where does it often shift the apex to?

A

to the left

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25
Q

what does the azygous vein do?

A

drain the intercostal space

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26
Q

what do coronary arteries & their branches do?

A

they are the arterial blood supply to the epicardium & myocardium

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27
Q

where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

arise from the ascending aorta.

28
Q

what is the first branch of the aorta?

A

the coronary artery

29
Q

what are the 2 main branches of the coronary artery?

A

1) left

2) right

30
Q

what are the 2 branches of the right branch of the coronary artery?

A

1) right marginal artery

2) posterior inter-ventricular artery

31
Q

what does the right marginal artery supply?

A

supplies the right ventricle

32
Q

what is the posterior inter-ventricular artery?

A

a continuation of the right coronary artery, it hooks round the back of the heart

33
Q

why is the left branch of the coronary artery much shorter than the right?

A

as the left branches almost immediately

34
Q

what are the 4 branches of the left branch of the coronary artery?

A

1) circumflex artery
2) left anterior descending (LAD) - anterior inter-ventricular artery
3) left marginal artery
4) lateral (diagonal) branch

35
Q

what does the circumflex artery join with?

A

joins with the posterior inter ventricular artery (for the right side)

36
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a short venous conduit (in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly) which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins & drains into the right atrium

37
Q

what is a simplified explanation of the coronary sinus?

A

the big vein that receives all the smaller veins

38
Q

what separates the atria of the heart from the ventricles?

A

the coronary grooves / coronary sulcus

39
Q

what is the function of the septum?

A

an internal wall that divides the heart into a right & left side

40
Q

what are the 2 parts to the septum?

A

1) inter-atrial septum

2) inter-ventricle septum

41
Q

what does the inter-atrial septum do?

A

separates the two atrial (i.e. the right from the left)

42
Q

what does the inter-ventricular septum do?

A

separates the two ventricles (i.e. the right from the left)

43
Q

what would you call the defect if there is is a “hole” in the inter-atrial septum?

A

an atrial septal defect

44
Q

what would you call the defect if there is a “hole”. I the inter-ventricular septum?

A

a ventricular septal defect

45
Q

what can a septal defect cause?

A

hypoxaemia

46
Q

how can a septal defect cause hypoxaemia?

A
  • a septal defect means that there is the mixing of material & venous blood
  • therefore reducing the oxygen content of systemic atrial blood in the aorta
47
Q

the right atrium has 3 openings, what are they are?

A

1) superior vena cava
2) inferior vena cava
3) coronary sinus

48
Q

what separates the rough and smooth part of the right atrium?

A

= crista termanalis

49
Q

how does the heart ensure that blood flow is uni-directional?

A

presence of valves

50
Q

what are the 4 valves?

A

1) pulmonary
2) aortic
3) mitral
4) tricuspid

51
Q

where is the tricuspid valve found?

A

between right atrium & night ventricle

52
Q

where is the mitral (bicuspid) true found?

A

between left atrium & left ventricle

53
Q

where is the aortic valve found?

A

between left ventricle & aorta

54
Q

where is the pulmonary valve found?

A

between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk

55
Q

where do each of the vales exit from?

A

each valve exists from each cardiac chamber

56
Q

what are the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

1) anterior
2) posterior
3) septal cusps

57
Q

what are the 2 cusps of the mitral valve?

A

1) anterior

2) posterior

58
Q

what are the 3 cusps of the pulmonary valve?

A

1) anterior cusps
2) right cusp
3) left cusp

59
Q

what are the 3 cusps of the aortic valve?

A

1) posterior cusps
2) right cusps
3) left cusps

60
Q

when is the first heart sound heart?

A

when the tricuspid & mitral valves close simultaneously

61
Q

when is the second heart sound heart?

A

when the pulmonary & aortic valves close

62
Q

where does the coronary arteries arise from?

A

the right & left aortic sinuses

63
Q

what 2 things prevent prolapse of valves during ventricular contraction?

A

1) tendinous cords

2) papillary muscles

64
Q

what does the fibrous skeletal of the heart do?

A

facilities electrical distribution of the heart to the valves

65
Q

what does the moderator band do?

also known as the septomarginal trabecular do?

A

= carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp

66
Q

what are the anatomical positions of the 4 cardiac valves called?

A

open ellipses

67
Q

describe the 4 places where you can auscultate to find the 4 valves.

A

1) Aortic = 2nd right intercostal sternal edge
2) tricuspid = 4th left intercostal sternal edge
3) Pulmonary = 2nd left intercostal sternal edge
4) Mitral = 5th left intercostal, mid-clavicular line

Cardiovascular (Annie) (36 decks)

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