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Cardiovascular (Annie) > Common CV drugs > Flashcards

Common CV drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 examples of anti-cholesterol drugs?

A

1) statins
2) fibres
3) PCSK 9 Inhibitors

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2
Q

what are 2 examples of statin drugs?

A

1) simvastatin

2) atorvastatin

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3
Q

what are 2 examples of PCSK9 inhibitors?

A

1) evolocumab

2) alirocumab

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4
Q

what are 4 types of drugs used as anti-hypersensitive drugs?

A

1) thiazide diuretics
2) beta blockers
3) vasodilators
4) mineralocorticoid antagonists

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5
Q

what are the 4 example of vasodilators that act as anti-hypersensitive drugs?

A

1) calcium antagonists
2) alpha blockerrs
3) ACE inhibitors (ACEI)
4) angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)

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6
Q

what is an example statin drug used as an anti-cholesterol?

A

Simvastatin

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7
Q

what is the drug simvastatin, an anti-cholesterol drug, do?

A

blocks HMG CoA reductase

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8
Q

when is the drug simvastatin, an anti-cholesterol drug, used?

A

Used in;

  • hyper-cholesterolaemia
  • diabetes
  • angina/MI
  • CVA/TIA
  • High risk of MI & CVA
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9
Q

what are the side effects of the drugs simvastatinn, an anti-cholesterol drug?

A
  • myopathy

- rhabdomyolysis … renal failure

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10
Q

what is an example fibrate drugs used as an anti-cholesterol?

A

Bezafibrate

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11
Q

when is the drug bezafibrate, the anti-cholesterol drug, used?

A

Used in;

  • hyper-triglyceridaemia
  • low HDL cholesterol
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12
Q

what is familial hypercholesterolemia?

what are the symptoms?

A

a genetic conditioning characterised by high cholesterol levels
- it makes the body unable to remove low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from the blood.

Symptoms;
- visible cholesterol on the skin e.g. eyes

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13
Q

what type of anti-cholesterol drug is used to treat family hyper-cholesterolaemia?

A

PCSK 9 inhibitors

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14
Q

how do the PCSK 9 inhibitors work?

A

= inhibit the binding of PCSK 9 to LDLR, PCSK9 inhibitor increasing the number roof lDLRs available to clear LDL, thereby lowering LDL-C levels

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15
Q

what is hypertension?

A

abnormally high blood pressure

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16
Q

RECAP

- What are the 4 types of drugs that are anti-hypersensitive used to treat hypertension?

A

1) thiazide diuretics
2) beta blockers
3) vasodilators
4) mineralocorticoid antagonist

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17
Q

What do Diuretics do?

A

they block Na re-absorption in the kidneys

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of dietetics?

A

1) thiazide diuretics

2) loop dietetics

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19
Q

what is the stronger diuretic - loop or thiazide diuretic?

A

LOOP diuretic is STRONGER.

- thiazide are milder

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20
Q

what is an example drug of a thiazide diuretic?

A

bendrofluazide

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21
Q

when is the drug bendrofluazide, thiazide diuretic, used?

A

used in hypertension

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22
Q

what is an example of a drug used as a loop diuretic?

A

furosemide

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23
Q

when is the frug furosemide, loop diuretic used?

A

used in heart failure

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24
Q

what are the side effects of diuretics?

A

1) hypokalaemia = tiredness
2) arrhythmias (low K+)
3) hyperglycaemia = diabetes
4) increased uric acid = gout

5) impotence

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25
Q

what are the 2 beta receipts that beta blockers can block??

A

1) B1 adrenoceptor

2) B2 adrennoceptor

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of beta blockers?

A

1) cardioselective Beta blockers

2) non-selective beta blockers

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27
Q

what type of receptor do cardio-selective beta blockers block?

A

Beta 1 receptor

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28
Q

what are 2 example drugs of cardio-selective beta Blockers?

A

1) atenolol

2) bisoprolol

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29
Q

when are the drugs atenolol & bisoprolol, cardioselective beta blockers used?

A

1) angina
2) acute coronary syndrome
3) myocardial infarction
4) hypetension
5) heart failure

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30
Q

what type of receptor do non-selective beta blockers block?

A

block B1 and B2 receptors

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31
Q

what are 2 example drugs of non-selective beta blockers used?

A

1) propranolol

2) carvedilol

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32
Q

when are the drugs propranolol and carvedilol, non-selective beta blockers used?

A

used in;

1) migraines
2) thyrotoxicosis

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33
Q

what are the side effects of beta blockers?

A

1) tired

2) heart failure
- they can worsen heart failure in short term, especially in cardiogenic shock

3) cold peripheries

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34
Q

RECAP;

- what are the 4 types of drugs used as vasodilators which act as anti-hypersensitive drugs?

A

1) calcium antagonists
2) alpha blockers
3) ace inhibitors
4) angiotensin receptor blockers

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35
Q

what are the 2 types of calcium antagonists?

A

1) dihydropyridines

2) rate limiting calcium antagonists

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36
Q

what is an example drug of dihydropyridines, a calcium antagonist?

A

amlodipine

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37
Q

when is the drug amlodipine, dihydropyridine a calcium antagonists used?

A

1) hypertension

2) angina

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38
Q

what are the side effects of the drug amlodipine, dihydropyridine a calcium antagonists?

A

1) ankle oedema

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39
Q

what are 2 example drugs of rate limiting calcium antagonists, a calcium antagonist?

A

1) verapamil

2) diltiazem

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40
Q

when are the drugs verapamil & diltiazem , rate limiting calcium antagonists, a calcium antagonists used?

A

1) hypertension
2) angina
3) supra-ventricular arrhythmias (AF, SVT)

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41
Q

what drug should not be used in combination with drugs verapamil & diltiazem , rate limiting calcium antagonists, a calcium antagonists?

A

beta blockers

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42
Q

what do angiotensin convening enzyme inhibitors do?

A

= block angiotensin I which would become angiotensin II

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43
Q

what is an example drug of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor?

A

Lisinopril

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44
Q

when is the lisinopril drug, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used?

A

1) hypertension

2) heart failure

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45
Q

when is the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor good and bad for kidneys?

A

Good for kidneys;
= in diabetic nephropathy

Bad for kidneys;
= in renal artery stenosis

46
Q

what are the side effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors?

A

1) cough
2) renal dysfunction
3) angioneurotic oedema

47
Q

when should the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors never be used?

A

never used in pregnancy induced hypertension

48
Q

what do angiotensin receptor blockers block?

A

block angiotensin II receptors

49
Q

what is an example drug for an angiotensin receptor blocker?

A

losartan

50
Q

when are angiotensin receptor blockers used?

A

1) hear failure

2) hypertension

51
Q

when is the angiotensin receptor blocker good and bad for kidneys?

A

Good for kidneys;
= in diabetic nephropathy

Bad for kidneys;
= in renal senses

52
Q

what are the side effects of angiotensin receptor blocker?

A

1) renal dysfunction

2) no cough

53
Q

when should angiotensin receptor blockers never be used?

A

in pregnancy induced hypertension

54
Q

what do alpha blockers block?

A

they block alpha adrenoceptors to cause vasodilation

55
Q

when are alpha blockers used?

A

1) hypertension

2) prostatic hypertrophy

56
Q

what is an example drug used as an alpha blocker?

A

= doxazosin

57
Q

what are the side effects of alpha blockers?

A

postural hypotension

58
Q

what do mineralocorticoid antagonists do?

A

block aldosterone receptors

59
Q

give examples of mineralocorticoid antagonists used?

what are mineralocorticoid antagonists used?

A

1) eplerenone
2) sprinolactone

  • used in heart failure & resistant hypertension
60
Q

what are the side effects of mineralocorticoid antagonists?

A

1) renal impairment
2) hyperkalaemia
3) gynaecomastia

61
Q

what are 3 types of anti-anginal drugs that could be used?

A

1) vasodilators
2) slow heart rate
3) metabolic modulator

62
Q

what are 3 examples of vasodilator, anti-anginal, drugs?

A

1) nitrates
2) nicorandil
3) calcium antagonists

63
Q

what 3 drugs slow heart rate, anti-anginal drugs?

A

1) beta blockers
2) calcium antagonists
3) ivabradine

64
Q

what is an example of a metabolic modulator, anti-anginal drug?

A

Ranolazine

65
Q

In the category nitrates, which is a vasodilator, what is a type of nitrate used?

A

veno-dilator

66
Q

what is an example veno-dilator, a type of nitrate which is a vasodilator?

A

Isosorbide monorirate

67
Q

when are venodilators, a nitrate which is a vasodilator used?

A

1) angina

2) acute heart failure

68
Q

what are the side effects of venodilators, a nitrate which is a vasodilator?

A
  • headache

- hypotension/collapse

69
Q

what is the tolerance of venodilators, a nitrate which is a vasodilator?

A

Leave 8hour/day nitrate-free

70
Q

what do nicorandils, a vasodilator drug, do?

A

a K+ ATP channel activator

71
Q

what are the side effects of nicorandils, a vasodilator?

A
  • headache

- mouth / GI ulcers

72
Q

what does the drug ivabradine, a drug that slows the heart rate, do?

A
  • If channel modulator in the sinus node.
73
Q

where does the dug ivabradine, a dug that slows the heart rate, work?

A
  • it only slows the heart rate in sinus rhythm.

- it does NOT work in atrial fibrillation

74
Q

what is a possible side effect of the drug ivabradine, a drug that slows the heart rate?

A

visual disturbances

75
Q

what does the drug ranolazine, a metabolic modulator do?

A

= a late sodium channel modulator

= decreases calcium load on heart

76
Q

in what type of angina is the drug ranolazine, a metabolic modulator, effective?

A

effective in REFRACTORY anginna

77
Q

what is acute coronary syndrome?

A

= describes a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.

78
Q

what are 4 common anit-thrombotic drugs?

A

1) anti-platelet drugs
2) anti-coagulants
3) Fibrinolytic’s
4) Warfarin

79
Q

name 4 types of anti-platelet drugs?

A

1) aspirin
2) clopidogrel
3) prasugrel
4) ticagrelor

80
Q

name 2 types of ani-coagulant drugs?

A

1) heparin

2) fondaparinux

81
Q

how is the drug fondaparinux, an anti-coagulant, usually administered?

A

sub-cutaneously

82
Q

what are 3 other drugs that perform a similar function to warfarin?

A

1) Rivaroxaban
2) dabigatran
3) Edoxaban

83
Q

how is the drug edoxaban usually administered?

A

oral

84
Q

what are 2 types of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

1) tPA

2) streptokinase

85
Q

what do the 4 anti-platelet agents;, aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor and prasugrel prevent?

A

all prevent new thrombosis

86
Q

in what cases are the 4 anti-platelet agents;, aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor and prasugrel used?

A

1) angina
2) acute MI
3) CVA/TIA
4) patients @ high risk of MI & CVA

87
Q

what are the side effects of the 4 anti-platelet agents;, aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor and prasugrel?

A
  • haemorrhage anywhere
  • peptic ulcer = haemorrhage
  • aspirin sensitivity = asthma
88
Q

what are 4 types of anti-coagulant drugs thats prevent new thrombosis & how are they taken?

A

1) heparin IV use only
2) warfarin oral use only
3) Rivaroxaban
4) davigatran

89
Q

what block clotting factors does warfarin possess?

A

block clotting factors;

  • 2
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10
90
Q

when is warfarin used?

A

1) deep vein thrombosis
2) pulmonary embolism
3) NSTEMI
4) atrial fibrillation

91
Q

what are the side effects of warfarin?

A

haemorrhage anywhere

92
Q

how can warfarin be reversed?

A

Vitamin K

93
Q

what type of factor of inhibitor is rivaroxaban?

A

Factor X a inhibitor

94
Q

what type of thrombin factor is dabigatran?

A

thrombin factor IIa inhibitor

95
Q

what does dabigatran convert?

A

Xa converts prothrombin II to thrombin IIa

96
Q

when are fibrinolytic drugs used?

A

Use in STEMI;

  • pulmonary embolism
  • CVA
97
Q

what are the side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

= haemorrhage serious isk

98
Q

what cases would you want to avoid using fibrinolytic drugs?

A
  • recent haemorrhage
  • trauma
  • bleeding tendencies
  • severe diabetic retinopathy
  • peptic ulcer
99
Q

what do anti-arrhythmic drugs treat?

A

treat atrial fibrillation

100
Q

what are 7 examples of heart failure drugs?

A

1) ACE inhibitors
2) ARBs
3) beta-blockers
4) mineralocorticoid antagonists
5) diuretics
6) digoxin
7) neprilysin inhibitors

101
Q

what are 2 examples of mineralocorticoid antagonists?

A

1) spironolactone

2) eplerenone

102
Q

what is an example neprilysin inhibitor?

A

= salcubitril valsartan

103
Q

what are the complex side effects from the drugs digoxin I and digoxin II do?

A

Digoxin I
= bad if its excessively blocks atrial ventricular AV conduction

Digoxin II
= increases ventricular irritability which produces ventricular arrhythmias

104
Q

how does digoxin I block atrial ventricular AV conduction?

A

= produces a degree of A-V conduction delay

105
Q

why is it bad if digoxin I blocks atrial ventricular AV conduction excessively?

A
  • heart rate las too much causing bradycardia & heart block
106
Q

Yes or No.

Is digoxin II ability to increase ventricular irritability which produces arrhythmias always bad?

A

yes - its always bad

107
Q

what are the 4 side effects of digoxin toxicity?

A
  • nausea, vomiting
  • yellow vision
  • bradycardia, heart block
  • ventricular arrhythmias
108
Q

what does the drug neprilysin inhibitor contain?

A

= salcubitril valsaran

109
Q

Yes or No.

is neprilysin inhibitor superior too ACEI or ARB?

A

Yes - it is superior

110
Q

what are the side effects of nepilysin inhibitor?

A
  • hypotension
  • renal impairment t
  • hyperkalaemia
  • angioneurmtic oedema

Cardiovascular (Annie) (36 decks)

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