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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue within the human body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, muscle, Nervous

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2
Q

What type of tissue forms glands covers the body’s surface and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts?

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

What type of tissue protects and supports the body/organs, binds organs together and store energy reserves as fat.

A

Connective

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4
Q

What type of tissue generates force to allow movement?

A

Muscle

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5
Q

What type of tissue is sensitive and responsive to changes in homeostasis by generating nerve impulses?

A

nervous

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6
Q

What are the 7 types of epithelial tissues?

A 
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
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7
Q

Form influences _____

A

function

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8
Q

What type of junctions can epithelial use?

A

tight junctions

desmosomes

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9
Q

What is a tight junction and what is a notable feature of it

A

a specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually lying between them is absent

Makes a very close connection. No liquids can get through.

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10
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells

very strong junction attached with filiments

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11
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

Great for cells that need to communicate

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of epithelial tissue?

A

to serve as a cover or a lining

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13
Q

What supports epithelial tissue?

A

connective tissue via a Basement membrane

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14
Q

What are the two components of the basement layer?

A

The basal lamina

reticular lamina

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15
Q

Where are the capillaries of the epithelial tissue located?

A

epithelial tissue is avascular. There are no capillaries

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue is polar. What does this mean?

A

it has a top and a bottom
the apical surface - top
basal surface - bottom

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17
Q

is the basement layer part of the connective tissue?

A

no. it is the bridge between the Connective tissue and the epithelial tissue

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18
Q

What is the function of the basal lamina?

A

it is a non-cellular adhesive

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19
Q

What is the function of the reticular lamina? What is it composed of?

A

It is composed of collagen fibers belonging to the connective tissue below. It acts as a binder between the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue

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20
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelial tissue.

A

single layers of “fried eggs” often in a line

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21
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Allows the diffusion of materials in sites where protection is not important.

Secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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22
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelial tissue be found?

A

Kidney glomeruli (filtration)
alveoli of the lungs - allows diffusion
in blood vessels-lines the inner vessel
in lymphatic vessels-lines the inner vessel

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23
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Small cubes with round nuclei

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24
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Secretion and absorption

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25
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelial tissue be found?

A

Kidney tubules
ducts
secretory portions of small glands
surface of the ovaries

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26
Q

describe simple columnar epithelial tissue

A

Rectangles with lined up nuclei

cilia or no cilia

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27
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Absorption
mucus secretion
enzyme secretion
if ciliated it propels mucus by ciliary action

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28
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelial tissue be found?

A

if non-ciliated it can be found lining the GI tract, gallbladder, and ducts of some glands

if ciliated it can be found lining the bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus

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29
Q

typically, how many layers thick is stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

two layers

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30
Q

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue be found?

A

some sweat glands and mammary glands

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31
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelial tissue be found?

A

very limited distribution
fond in the pharynx
male urethra
and some glandular ducts

also occurs at transition areas between two types of epithelia

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32
Q

Describe pseudistratified columnar epithelial tissue.

A

elongated rectangles with non-linear nuclei with or without cilia

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33
Q

What is the function of pseudistratified columnar epithelial tissue?

A

secretion (particularly of mucus)

propulsion by cilia

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34
Q

Where can pseudistratified columnar epithelial tissue be found?

A

non-ciliated- in sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

ciliated types- in trachea
mostly in the upper respiratory duct

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35
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

squished scales with many layers

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36
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

protects underlying tissue in areas of abrasion.

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37
Q

where can stratified squamous epithelial tissue be found?

A

anywhere where friction is common.

If nonkeratinized- forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, vagina

if keratinized- it forms the epidermis

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38
Q

describe transitional epithelium.

A

like stratified squamous layered on top of stratified cuboidal

surface cells resemble bubble shaped squamous cells either big bubbles or stretched depending on level is distention

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39
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

specifically for areas that need to distend

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40
Q

where can transitional epithelium be found?

A

in the bladder

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41
Q

What is glandular epithelia?

A

epithelial tissue that secrets a particular product.

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42
Q

How is glandular epithelial tissue classified?

A

by site of release (endocrine or exocrine)

if it is uni or multi celluar

if a duct is present or not

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43
Q

What are the three major types of membranes?

A

Cutaneous-skin
mucous-digestive system and respiratory system
serous-body cavities

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44
Q

what is the most abundant type of tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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45
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

to support, defend, aid in movement, bind together, store, repair, transport and commpartmentalize

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46
Q

What are the two basic components of connective tissue?

A

sparse cells and a matrix

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47
Q

What is the matrix of connective tissue?

A

protein based material (fibers plus ground surface)

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48
Q

What are the four major types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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49
Q

What are the two sub-classes of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective and Dense connective tissue

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50
Q

What are the three type of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Recticular

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51
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic

52
Q

What are the three types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

53
Q

What stem cell does all connective tissue start as.

A

Mesenchyme

54
Q

What is the ground substance cell type in connective tissue.

What is it composed of?

A

the matrix.

contains water, salts, and proteoglycans along with adhesion proteins

55
Q

What are the three types of fiber.

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular.

56
Q

What does a cell ending in -blast mean?

A

that is it a young, still developing bud/germ of a cell

57
Q

What does a cell ending in -cyte mean?

A

A mature cell

58
Q

What are two adhesion proteins?

A

chondroitins and keratins

59
Q

What the the usual 4 components of ground substance?

A

Water, Salts, proteoglycans and adhesion proteins

60
Q

What is a matrix?

A

a mixture of fibers and ground substance

61
Q

What is the dominate fiber type?

A

collagen

62
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

add flexible but resistant strength to a connective tissue.

Like a rope

63
Q

What makes collagen cushiony?

A

it is absorbent and attracts water

64
Q

Describe elastin

A

small in diameter than collagen

Dark

65
Q

How elastic is elastin?

A

it can stretch 150% and still snap back

66
Q

how does elastin spread?

A

it branches to form networks similar to spiderwebs

67
Q

what are the 3 areas where elastin is most abundant?

A

skin, blood vessels, lungs

68
Q

Describe reticular fibers and their formation pattern

A

Small, delicate collagen fibers surrounded by glycoprotein that form a “jungle gym”

69
Q

Why is the formation pattern of reticular fiber important?

A

Because it creates a jungle gym lattice that allows optimal utilization of space. “ the floors in a tall building”

70
Q

Where are two places that reticular fibers are found?

A

the stroma of soft organs

in the basement membrane of epithelial cells

71
Q

What is scurvy and how does it relate to CT

A

scurvy is a severe vitamin c deficiency. Vitamin C is essential in the formation of collagen.

72
Q

What are the three types of loose CT

A

Areolar, Adipose, Recticular

73
Q

Areolar connective tissue contains a reservoir of ____&____ equal to the circulatory volume.

A

Water & Salts

74
Q

function of Areolar CT

A

Binds and Pacts

Cushion

75
Q

What is composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue?

A

the subcutaneous layer of the epidermis

76
Q

What are the two fiber types located in areolar ct

A

Elastin

Collagen

77
Q

What are the three main components of adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes-Lipid storage
Recticular fibers
Blood supply

78
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A

Protection of organs
Energy storage
Insulation
Shock absorption

79
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Armpits
Around the kidneys and eyes
Breasts
in the abdomen

80
Q

Areolar tissue covers the ______ bundles

A

neurovascular

81
Q

Describe Reticular tissue

A

Network of thin fibers

spiderweb of collagen fibers

82
Q

Where is reticular fiber found?

A

bone marrow

stroma of spleen, lymphatic structures, and liver

83
Q

What is the function of reticular fiber?

A

to support other cell types

can help to filter blood in spleen and lymph-nodes due to macrophages

84
Q

what are macrophages?

A

cells that roam connective tissue, eat dead cells, detect invaders them stem from white blood cells

85
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

large fusiform cells that produce fiber and ground substance

86
Q

leukocytes are also known as _

A

white blood cells

87
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

they synthesize antibodies

88
Q

What are mast cells

A

cells found among blood vessels that produce heparin and histamine

89
Q

What are four names for the gel of the matrix?

A

Ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.

90
Q

What are the three primary germ layers during embryonic development?

A

Ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

91
Q

What does the ectoderm eventually become?

A

epidermis, nervous system

92
Q

What does the endoderm eventually become?

A

Mucous membranes of resp. and digestive systems

93
Q

What doe the mesoderm eventually become?

A

mesenchyme

94
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

The stem cells that all connective tissue comes from

95
Q

most gland tissues are composed of___?

A

Epithelial tissue

96
Q

____tissue lines the body cavities and internal/external linings of may organs

A

Epithelial tissue

97
Q

How does epithelial tissue protect?

A

From abrasion, acts as a barrier from infection and internal acids

98
Q

What are the 6 major functions of epithelial tissue?
PESAFS
Please excuse sally again for science

A 
Protection
excretion
secretion
absorption
filtration
sensation
99
Q

What does ET secrete?

A

Mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones

100
Q

What does ET excrete?

A

Waste-CO2 from pulmonary ET

Bile from ET of the liver

101
Q

What does ET absorb?

A

Chemicals from adjacent mediums

nutrients through the ET of the small intestines

102
Q

What does ET filter?

A

Blood, urinary waste

103
Q

How does ET give sensation?

A

Merkel cells that transmit to nerve endings

104
Q

What lies between ET and CT?

A

basement membrane

105
Q

What are three functions of the basement membrane?

ABC

A

Anchors
Binds growth factors to regulate development
Controls exchange of materal

106
Q

Both ____ and ____ can develop goblet cells

A

Simple columnar

and pseudostratified columnar

107
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

they secrete products that form mucus when they mix with water

108
Q

Where can simple squamous ET be found?

A

Alveoli of the lungs
inner lining of the heart and blood vessels
serous membranes of the stomach, intestines
golmerular capsules of the kidneys
some kidney tubules
surface mesothelium of pleura, paricardium, peritoneum etc

109
Q

Where can simple columnar ET be found?

A

inner lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, uterus, some kidney tubuals

110
Q

Where can pseudostratified columnar ET be found?

A

Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to the bronchi

portions of the male urethra

111
Q

Where can keratinized Stratified squamous ET be found?

A

Epidermis

112
Q

Where can non- keratinized Stratified squamous ET be found?

A

epidermis, tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina

113
Q

What can stratified cuboidal ET be found?

A

Sweat gland ducts, egg producing vesicles of ovaries, sperm producing ducts of testies

114
Q

Where can transitional ET be found?

A

urinary bladder, parts of the ureter, bladder, and part of the urethra

115
Q

What are the 8 functions of connective tissue
Thus I Simply Must Study Harder Because Poor
TISMSHBP

A 
Transport
Immune protection
Storage
movement
support
heat production
binding of organs
physical protection
116
Q

What are the 6 cell types found in fibrous CT
FMLPMA
Fuck My Life Please Accept Me

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
117
Q

What are Fiboblasts

A

Large fusiform or stellate cells

produce fibers and ground substance

118
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Large phagocytic cells
Wander through connective tissue
eat bacteria and dead cells
activated immune system when threats present themselves

119
Q

What are Leukocytes?
two types
NL

A

White blood cells
neutrophils-attack bacteria
Lymphocytes-work against bacteria

120
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells that synthesize antibodies

121
Q

What are mast cells?

A

cells that produce heparin and histamines

122
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

123
Q

What are the three types of fiber found in Fibrous connective tissue.

A

Collagen fibers
Recticular fibers
Elastic fibers

124
Q

What are collagenous fibers

A

fibers made of collagen
Rope like in structure
Flexible and strong
Most abundant

125
Q

What are recticular fibers

A

Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

They form a sponge like framework for such organs as the spleen and lymphnodes

126
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Thin dark fibers made of a protein called elastin.
stretch up to 150%
allow skin, lungs, arteries to stretch

127
Q

What is ground substance?

A

the jello filler within a matrix. acts as a cushion for compression forces

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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